The Genesis of Crown Colony Government: Trinidad, 1783-1810

Millette, James, The Genesis of Crown Colony Government: Trinidad, 1783-1810, Trinidad: Moko Enterprises Ltd., 1970.

Reviewed in Caribbean Studies © 1972.

James Millette:

He has taught for more than three decades on Caribbean , African, African American and imperial history with specific reference to comparative slavery, colonial government and administration, labor history, and the societies and politics of the modern Caribbean and the Third World .

From the Author’s Note:

This is a book about the history of Trinidad between 1783 and 1810. It is also a book about colonialism and imperialism, about revolution and counter-revolution and about the conflict between conservatism and change in the West Indies. It is, too, about the early struggles for autonomy and nationality in a British colonial society. Accordingly it focuses on the very contemporary problem of administering a conquered colony with non-British peoples and institutions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. And as such it is much more than a simple book about Trinidad.

El Engaño de las Razas

Ortiz, Fernando, El Engaño de las Razas, La Habana: Editorial Páginas, 1946.

Reviewed in The Journal of Negro History © 1946.

De los Editores:

El Engaño de las Razas une al valor puramente científico, su eficacia social. Se trata de una obra polémica, que sale a combatir el racismo nocivo que tanto abunda en nuestras tierras pretendiendo pasaporte de teoría científica. Fernando Ortiz examina y trae al juicio de la ciencia, todos esos rezagos americanos de aquellas regresivas corrientes europeas que tan trágico saldo han dejado en el mundo.

From the editors:

El Engaño de las Razas unites its purely scientific value, with its social effectiveness. This is a polemical work, which goes on to combat that harmful racism which is so abundant in our lands pretending to be a passport of scientific theory. Fernando Ortiz examines and bestows the judgment of science, on all those American remnants of those regressive European currents which so tragic a toll have left in the world.

The Hero and the Crowd in a Colonial Polity

Singham, A. W., The Hero and the Crowd in a Colonial Polity, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.

Reviewed in Social and Economic Studies © 1970.

Reviewed in the Caribbean Studies © 1970.

Reviewed in Caribbean Quarterly © 1969.

Reviewed in the Political Science Quarterly © 1971.

Reviewed in the The Hispanic American Historical Review © 1969.

From the inner sleeve:

The unusual relationships that develop in a colony from rivalry among the traditional, the charismatic, and the legal domination systems are examined in this study of a political leader – the “hero” – who emerges during the stage of terminal colonial rule. Mr. Singham believes that the political conflict which results from the three systems’ rival claims to legitimacy cannot be resolved because of fundamental contradictions within the colonial polity. Thus the crisis phenomenon is inherent in the colonial situation, and the political system is bound to be unstable. These theoretical propositions are weighed against the career of E.M. Gairy, a central figure in the 1962 crisis of Grenada, the smallest of the Windward Islands in the Caribbean.

Historiographie d'Haïti

Pressoir, Catts, Ernst Trouillot & Henock Trouillot, Historiographie d'Haïti, (Publicación núm. 168), México: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, 1953.

La IVe Assemblée de l’Institut Panaméricain de Géographie et d'Histoire, réunie à Caracas en août 1946, vota une série de résolutions dont la 43e. laissait à la Commission d'Histoire le soin de faire préparer pour chaque pays une bibliothèque d'Historiographie Américaine devant servir de guide pour les oeuvres les plus notables d'Histoire de chaque pays américain.
C'est le volume d'Historiographie de la République d'Haïti qui se trouve ici et que nous avons écrit en collaboration avec MM. Ernst et Hénock Trouillot, conformément à la Recommandation No 5 et à la lettre du Dr. Zavala du 13 décembre, 1948. --- Dr. Catts Pressoir

The Fourth Meeting of the Pan American Institute of Geography and History, held in Caracas in August 1946, passed a series of resolutions whose 43rd. leaves the Commission of history the task to prepare for each country an American Historiography library to serve as a guide to the most significant works of history for every American country.
This is the volume of Historiography of the Republic of Haiti that is here and we have written with MM. Ernst and Hénock Trouillot, in accordance with Recommendation No 5 and the letter of Dr. Zavala of December 13, 1948 --- Dr. Catts Pressoir

Haiti: Naturraumpotential und Entwicklung

Donner, Wolf, Haiti: Naturraumpotential und Entwicklung, Hamburg: Institut für Iberoamerika-Kunde, 1980.

Teilweise verfügbar online.

Das Institut für Iberoamerika-Kunde wurde 1962 gegründet. Gemeinsam mit anderen regional ausgerichteten Forschungsinstituten bildet es den Verbund der Stiftung Deutsches Übersee-Institut, die von der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg getragen wird.

Aufgabe des Instituts ist es, wissenschaftlich fundierte Erkenntnisse über Lateinamerika zu gewinnen, zu verarbeiten und zu verbreiten; den Forschungsschwerpunkt bilden aktuelle Probleme der sozio- ökonomischen Entwicklung Lateinamerikas.

Die Tätigkeit des Instituts richtet sich nicht nur an die Wissenschaft, sondern bezweckt auch, dem privaten und dem öffentlichen Sektor Grundlagen für praktische Entscheidungen zu vermitteln.

The Institute of Ibero-American Studies was established in 1962. Together with other regionally-focused research institutes, it is the composite of the Foundation German Overseas Institute, which is supported by the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg.

The Institute is to process and disseminate scientifically based knowledge about Latin America; the research focuses on current problems of socio-economic development of Latin America.

The Institute's activities aimed not only in science, but also aims to provide the private and public sector foundations for practical decisions.

La República de Haití y la República Dominicana: Diversos Aspectos de un Problema Histórico, Geográfico y Etnológico, Tomos I & II

Price-Mars, Jean, La República de Haití y la República Dominicana: diversos aspectos de un problema histórico, geográfico y etnológico, Tomos I & II, traducción de Martín Aldao & José Luis Muñoz Azpiri, Puerto Príncipe: [s.n.], 1953.

Reseñada en la Revista Mexicana del Caribe, 2000 Vol. 5 (9).

Reviewed in the Journal of Haitian Studies © 1997.

Jean Price-Mars (15 October 1876 – 1 March 1969), born in Grande Rivière du Nord, was a Haitian teacher, diplomat, writer, and ethnographer. Price-Mars served as secretary of the Haitian legation in Washington (1909) and as chargé d'affaires in Paris (1915–1917). In 1922 he completed medical studies that he had given up for lack of a scholarship. After withdrawing as a candidate for the presidency of Haiti in favor of Stenio Vincent in 1930, Price-Mars led Senate opposition to the new president and was forced out of politics. In 1941, he was again elected to the Senate. He was secretary of state for external relations in 1946 and, later, ambassador to the Dominican Republic. In his eighties, he continued service as Haitian ambassador at the United Nations and ambassador to France.

Índice de ambos tomos:

TOMO I.

Capítulo I. La vocación de Haití por la Libertad.
Capítulo II. La cuestión del Este.
Capítulo III. La parte del Este.
Capítulo IV. La campaña del Este en 1805.
Capítulo V. El estatuto de la Comunidad dominicana de 1805 a 1822.
Capítulo VI. ¿Hubo, bajo la bandera de la República de Haití, un llamamiento dominicano a la unidad política de la isla? Si lo hubo, ¿en qué consistió?
Capítulo VII. ¿Cuál fue la modalidad empleada por Boyer para realizar la unión de ambas partes de la isla?
Capítulo VIII. La Republica de Haiti “Una e Indivisible” se hallaba establecida desde el Cabo Engaño hasta el Muelle San Nicolás.
Capítulo IX. La Ordenanza de S. M. Carlos X, Rey de Francia.
Capítulo X. Las repercusiones financieras, económicas y políticas de la Ordenanza de Carlos X.
Capítulo XI. La oposición parlamentaria.
Capítulo XII. La insurrección de Praslin y el rompimiento de la Unidad nacional.

TOMO II.

Capítulo I. La guerra haitiano-dominicana. ¿Indivisibilidad del territorio o independencia dominicana? La acción militar.
Capítulo II. La guerra haitiano-dominicana. La acción diplomática y las perturbaciones sociales en el Oeste.
Capítulo III. El Plan Levasseur.
Capítulo IV. La defensa haitiana después de la frustración del Plan Levasseur. Los gobiernos efímeros.
Capítulo V. El gobierno de Soulouque y el retorno a las hostilidades.

Avec les "Rouges" aux Iles-du-Vent, souvenirs du Chevalier de Valous (1790-1793)

Valous, Camille-Marie, chevalier de, Avec les "Rouges" aux Iles-du-Vent, souvenirs du Chevalier de Valous (1790-1793), Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1930.

L'histoire de la Révolution, comme le remarque fort justement M. Pierre de Vaissière, a été trop souvent écrite d'apres les seuls documents émanés de ceux qui en furent les animateurs et les champions. Il serait juste pourtant de donner aussi la parole (depuis ces dernières années on commence d'ailleurs à s'en convaincre), à d'autres témoins que les Révolutionnaires eux-mêmes je veux dire à ceux qui souffrirent de la tourmente. C'est de cette pensée que je m'inspire en offrant au public, d'après des récits inédits de l'époque, une relation des événements peu connus qui se déroulèrent aux Antilles françaises à l'aurore des temps nouveaux. Certains passages de ces souvenirs pourront étonner, parfois même choquer notre moderne conception du patriotisme. Mais il faut se souvenir ici que toute l'histoire de l'émigration nous fait assister à un curieux conflit entre le sentiment de dévouement au Roi et l'attachement au pays lui-même. Aussi ne faut-il pas sur ce point formuler de jugements trop hâtifs. Le chevalier Camille de Valous, auteur du journal inédit d'où nous extrayons les pages qu'on va livre, avait été baptisé le 25 décembre 1764. Il était l'avant-dernier des treize enfants vivants de Benoit de Valous seigneur de Tourieux et Chambas en Lyonnais,....

The history of the (French) Revolution, as rightly noted by Mr. Pierre de Vaissière was often written only from documents emanating from those who were leaders and champions. Yet it would be fair to also give the floor (in recent years it is beginning to be convinced), to other witnesses, Revolutionaries themselves - I want to say - those who suffered from the turmoil. This is the thought that I am inspired to offer the public, from unpublished accounts of the time, a little-known relationship of events that took place in the French Antilles in the dawn of the new times. Some parts of these memories can surprise, even shock our modern conception of patriotism. But it must be remembered here that in the whole history of emigration for us to witness a curious conflict between the feeling of devotion to the King and the attachment to the country itself. Also do we not make this point too hasty judgments. Camille Valous Knight, author of the unpublished diary from which we extract the pages of this book was baptized on December 25, 1764. He was the second last of the thirteen living children Benoit Valous Lord and Tourieux Chambas in Lyon ...

Vie de Toussaint Louverture

Schoelcher, Victor, Vie de Toussaint Louverture, Deuxième edition, Paris: Paul Ollendorff, 1889.

Disponible en ligne.

Victor Schœlcher … (22 July 1804, Paris – 25 December 1893, Houilles) was a French abolitionist writer in the 19th century and the main spokesman for a group from Paris who worked for the abolition of slavery, and formed an abolition society in 1834. He worked especially hard for the abolition of slavery on the Caribbean islands, notably the French West Indies.

Victor Schoelcher (París, 22 de julio de 1804 - Houilles, 25 de diciembre de 1893) fue un político francés, uno de los más fervientes antiesclavistas.
(…)
Diputado por la Martinica y Guadalupe entre 1848 y 1850 se sienta en la izquierda del hemiciclo. Era republicano, defendió los derechos de la mujer y fue contrario a la pena de muerte. Durante el Segundo Imperio Francés que siguió al golpe de estado de Luis Napoleón Bonaparte fue detenido y tuvo que exiliarse a Inglaterra, en donde se encontró a menudo con su amigo Víctor Hugo. Tras la batalla de Sedán que supone la derrota de las tropas imperiales regresa a Francia. Tras la abdicación de Napoleón III, vuelve a ser elegido diputado por la Martinica en la Asamblea Nacional en 1871. En 1875, pasa a ser senador perpetuo.

.

Tradition and the West Indian Novel

Harris, Wilson, Tradition and the West Indian Novel, London: The London West Indian Students Union, May, 1965. (two copies)

Tradition, the Writer & Society (1967):

The classic essay, “Tradition and the West Indian Novel” has since appeared in several critical anthologies and marks a key stage in the theoretical project of defining “genuine autonomy” in Caribbean literature. C.L.R. James’s introduction to that essay, first produced as part of a pamphlet for the West Indian Students’ Union in 1964, is included as an Appendix in the New Beacon volume.

Sir Theodore Wilson Harris (born 24 March 1921) is a Guyanese writer. He initially wrote poetry, but has since become a well-known novelist and essayist. His writing style is often said to be abstract and densely metaphorical, and his subject matter wide-ranging. Harris is considered one of the most original and innovative voices in postwar literature in English.

Family and Colour in Jamaica

Henriques, Fernando, Family and Colour in Jamaica, London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1953.

Reviewed in American Anthropologist, Volume 71, Issue 6.

Reviewed in Phylon (1940-1956) © 1954.

Contents:

Preface by Dr. Meyer Fortes.
Author’s Foreword.

1. Introductory.
2. The Origins of the Colour-Class System.
3. The Contemporary Colour-Class System.
4. The Area.
5. Concubinage and Marriage.
6. The Lower Class Family – Family Structure.
7. The Lower Class Family – Economics of the Family Structure.
8. The Lower Class Family – Birth.
9. The Lower Class Family – Growth and Youth.
10. Kinship.
11. The Middle Class Family.
12. The Upper Class Family.
13. Conclusions.
APPENDIX.
I. Land Tenure.
II. A Schoolgirl’s Diary.
III. Fragment of a Lower Class Autobiography.

Historia Económica de Cuba & Economic History of Cuba

Le Riverend, Julio, Historia económica de Cuba, Barcelona: Ariel, 1972.

Reseñada en Investigación Económica © 1975.

Le Riverend, Julio, Economic History of Cuba, Havana: Book Institute, 1967.

Reviewed in The Hispanic American Historical Review © 1968.

Julio Le Riverend Brusone. Historiador y economista de larga trayectoria. Se graduó de Bachiller en Letras y Ciencias, es una de las personalidades más relevantes de las ciencias sociales cubanas. Director de la Biblioteca Nacional "José Martí” (1981-1995). Reconocido internacionalmente por sus trabajos sobre la importancia de la historia económica cubana y la influencia de la caña de azúcar en la configuración de la sociedad de su país.

Índice:

INTRODUCCION

El Descubrimiento y la Conquista.
I. Colón, la economía de su tiempo y el descubrimiento de América.
II. La dominación del territorio.
III. Los indios y la conquista.

PRIMERA PARTE

Fundamentos de la Economía Colonial (1510 – 1659).
IV. Apropiación de la tierra y estructura agraria.
V. Explotación de la tierra: agricultura y ganadería.
VI. Explotación del trabajo.
VII. Cambios en la estructura agraria primitiva.
VIII. Primitiva organización industrial.
IX. Nacimiento de la industria azucarera.
X. Organización del comercio.

SEGUNDA PARTE

Apogeo y Decadencia de la Economía Esclavista (1659 – 1886).
XI. La evolución agraria.
XII. La economía tabacalera.
XIII. El sistema esclavista de trabajo.
XIV. Evolución industrial.
XV. El comercio y sus modificaciones.
XVI. Organización financiera.

TERCERA PARTE

La Economía Cubana en la Fase Imperialista.
XVII. Las bases de la dominación imperialista.
XVIII. La penetración imperialista.
XIX. La economía dominada.
XX. Situación del pueblo trabajador.
XXI. La crisis permanente (1934 - 1958).

CUARTA PARTE

La Revolución
XXII. La transición hacia una economía socialista.

Free Jamaica, 1838-1865: An Economic History

Hall, Douglas, Free Jamaica, 1838-1865: An Economic History, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959.

Reviewed in Victorian Studies © 1963.

From the inner sleeve:

This is the first detailed account of the economic development of Jamaica during the years 1838 – 1865, a period in her history still regarded as the dark ages, and it contains much information previously unpublished. After the emancipation of 1833, two basic factors were introduced into the Jamaican economic structure: wage-labor and the rapid growth of a class of small agriculturalists. With them came new problems for Jamaica; the readjustment to freedom was not easy. Changes in the tariff policies of the countries importing Jamaican produce affected her severely. War and drought compounded her woes. The stability and sympathetic advice that was expected from Britain never came. Yet, by 1865, certain economic advantages had been gained and the economic pattern for the next seventy years had been established.

From an obituary:

Professor Hall joined the staff of the then University College of the West Indies in 1954 as Extra-Mural Tutor for the Leeward Islands. In 1957 he returned to Jamaica as Resident Tutor, taught economic history in the Department of Economics between 1959 and 1961 and in the later year he joined the Department of History as Lecturer. At the relatively young age of 43 he was appointed Professor of History and Head of the Department. He retired from the UWI in 1981, but maintained his links with the institution.

The Caribbean Community: Changing Societies and U.S. Policy

Crassweller, Robert D., The Caribbean Community: changing societies and U.S. policy, New York, Published for the Council on Foreign Relations by Praeger, 1972.

Reviewed in The Hispanic American Historical Review © 1973.

Reviewed in Science & Society © 1974.

Reviewed in Caribbean Studies © 1973.

Robert D. Crassweller (from his obituary):

As a young attorney, Mr. Crassweller engaged in the private practice of law in Duluth and then moved to Washington, D.C. in 1943 to work for the State Department's Division of World Trade Intelligence. Following the war, he returned to Duluth to resume the private practice of law. From 1951 to 1953, he participated in a mining venture in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. In 1954, he became counsel for Pan American World Airways in New York City; he remained at Pan Am until 1966.

Azúcar y Población en las Antillas

Guerra, Ramiro, Azúcar y Población en las Antillas (Tercera Edición), La Habana: Cultural, S.A. 1944.

5ta Edición reseñada en Desarrollo Económico © 1973.

English translation reviewed by Roland T. Ely in Caribbean Studies © 1967.

EnCaribe:

Ramiro Guerra, fue, junto con Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring y Fernando Ortiz, uno de los más importantes renovadores de los estudios históricos en Cuba, cuyas proyecciones en la investigación se relacionaron con las posiciones que asumieron ante las dificultades económicas y los cambios políticos que enfrentaba América Latina en la segunda década del siglo. Las ideas de su obra Azúcar y población en las Antillas (1927) fueron asumidas como propias por los jóvenes revolucionarios de la década de los años 30.

Índice:

PRIMERA PARTE

INTRODUCCION

La acción destructiva del latifundio azucarero en las Indias Occidentales.
I. El caso de Barbados.
II. Esclavos contra cultivadores libres.
III. Tierra y trabajo en los dominios del latifundio.

SEGUNDA PARTE

El proceso histórico de apropiación y división de la tierra de Cuba.
IV. El contraste entre dos destinos.
V. Hacia la formación de una clase cubana terrateniente.
VI. La constitución del agro cubano.
VII. Ingenios cubanos sin latifundio.

TERCERA PARTE

El desarrollo del latifundio azucarero en Cuba.
VIII. Antecedentes del periodo latifundiario.
IX. Preparando el campo al latifundio.
X. En pleno florecimiento del latifundio.

CUARTA PARTE

Efectos económicos y sociales del latifundio azucarero en Cuba.
XI. Reducción de la independencia económica de Cuba y empobrecimiento de la población rural.
XII. El vasallaje progresivo del cultivador independiente y la escasez de tierras.
XIII. La decadencia del comercio y la limitación del desarrollo industrial.
XIV. Estancamiento y encarecimiento de las comunicaciones ferroviarias.

QUINTA PARTE

La impotencia del latifundio contra sus competidores extranjeros.
XV. Lucha estéril del latifundio azucarero cubano contra la organización económica y social de los Estados Unidos.
XVI. El fatalismo de la evolución latifundiaria: Superproducción, dependencia económica, empobrecimiento creciente de Cuba.

SEXTA PARTE

Un programa de acción nacional contra el latifundio.
XVII. El fracaso sin esperanza de la Republica.
XVIII. Las bases de un programa de acción contra el latifundio.
XIX. Garantía a la industria y amparo al colono.
XX. No más importación de braceros.
XXI. Tierra propia para el cultivador.

EPILOGO

APENDICES
A.1 Reseña histórica sobre el origen y desarrollo de la industria azucarera en Cuba.
A.2 Exportación de azúcar de la Isla de Cuba desde el comienzo de la industria azucarera (1590 a 1600) hasta 1850.
A.3 Producción azucarera de Cuba desde 1850 a 1925-26 / Promedio de precio por libra y valor total de la zafra desde 1885 a 1925-26.
A.4 Contrato de arrendamiento, molienda de cañas y refacción agrícola.
A.5 La evolución económico-social de la industria azucarera en los últimos años.

A Short History of the West Indies

Parry, J.H., & P.M. Sherlock, A Short History of the West Indies, London: MacMillan & Co. Ltd., 1956.

Fourth edition available at Questia.

Reviewed in Social and Economic Studies © 1957.

Reviewed in The Journal of Negro History © 1957.

Reviewed in The Americas © 1957.

From the Introduction:

The book which follows is an account of the history of the islands in the Caribbean Sea: the four great islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, and the hundreds of smaller islands which form an arching breakwater against the Atlantic, from the scattered peaks of the Virgin Islands in the north to Curacao and Aruba lying off the coast of South America. It attempts to treat the story as a connected whole, though, being particularly addressed to readers in the British Caribbean, it pays somewhat more detailed attention to places of English speech. It is not concerned directly with the history of the lands bordering the Caribbean, except for areas such as British Honduras and the Guianas, whose development was closely connected with that of the islands.

David Frost Introduces Trinidad and Tobago

Anthony, Michael & Andrew Carr, Eds., David Frost Introduces Trinidad and Tobago, London: Andre Deutsch, 1975.

Contents:

Introduction by David Frost.
On Choosing Port of Spain, by Derek Walcott.
A Brief History, by C.R. Ottley.
The Peoples of Trinidad and Tobago, by Merle Hodge.
First Sight, by Diana Athill.
In a South-eastern Village, by Michael Anthony.
Carnival, by Andrew Carr.
The Calypso, by Errol Hill.
Sparrow as Poet, by Gordon Rohlehr.
Steelband, by Pete Simon.
Cricket, by C.L.R. James.
East Indian Life and Culture, by Brinsley Samaroo.
brave Buildings, by John Newel Lewis.
Artists and Craftsmen, by M.P. Alladin.
Growing Up in Tobago, by E.M. Roach.
An Englishwoman Discovers Tobago, by Wenda Parkinson.
Natural History, by Victor C. Quesnel.
The Birds, by Richard P. ffrench.
The Food, by Therese Mills.
Appendices.

Solomon: An Autobiography

Solomon, Dr. Patrick, Solomon: An Autobiography, Trinidad: Inprint Caribbean Ltd., 1981.

Patrick Vincent Joseph Solomon was born in 1910 in Port-of-Spain.
(…)
He was the founder of the Caribbean Socialist Party and fought elections in 1946, 1950, 1956 and 1961.
(…)
Solomon has served in a number of Ministries including the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of External Affairs. He was the first Minister of Home Affairs now called the Ministry of National Security. He also held a number of diplomatic portfolios including Permanent Representative of Trinidad and Tobago to the United Nations, Vice President of the United Nations General Assembly and finally as the High Commisioner of Trinidad and Tobago to the United Kingdom.

La Africanía de la Música Folklórica de Cuba (2 ediciones diferentes)

Ortiz, Fernando, La Africanía de la Música Folklórica de Cuba, La Habana: Ediciones Cárdenas y Cia., 1950.
Ortiz, Fernando, La Africanía de la Música Folklórica de Cuba, (con 108 ilustraciones), La Habana: Editora Universitaria, 1965.

Reviewed in The Musical Quarterly © 1952.

Reviewed in The Journal of Negro History © 1951.

Reviewed in B.B.A.A. Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana © 1952.

Music of Cuba:

Fernando Ortiz, the first great Cuban folklorist, described Cuba's musical innovations as arising from the interplay ('transculturation') between African slaves settled on large sugar plantations and Spaniards from different regions such as Andalusia and Canary Islands. The African slaves and their descendants made many percussion instruments and preserved rhythms they had known in their homeland.[3] The most important instruments were the drums, of which there were originally about fifty different types; today only the bongos, congas and batá drums are regularly seen (the timbales are descended from kettle drums in Spanish military bands). Also important are the claves, two short hardwood batons, and the cajón, a wooden box, originally made from crates. Claves are still used often, and cajons (cajones) were used widely during periods when the drum was banned. In addition, there are other percussion instruments in use for African-origin religious ceremonies. Chinese immigrants contributed the corneta china (Chinese cornet), a Chinese reed instrument still played in the comparsas, or carnival groups, of Santiago de Cuba.

Órbita de Fernando Ortiz

Ortiz, Fernando, Órbita de Fernando Ortiz, (Selección Y Prólogo de Julio Le Riverend), La Habana: UNEAC, julio de 1973.

Índice:

Fernando Ortiz y su obra, por Julio Le Riverend.

Entre cubanos.

Los gallegos de Cuba.

La decadencia cubana.

Los negros esclavos.

La crisis política cubana; sus causas y remedios.

Los cabildos afrocubanos.

Bases para una efectiva solución cubana.

Los factores humanos de la cubanidad.

Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azúcar.

Por la escuela cubana en Cuba libre.

Por la integración cubana de blancos y negros.

Ya sin guerra pero aun sin paz.

La expresividad musical y oral de los negros africanos.

La pantomima entre los negros.

Los tambores bimembranófonos: los Batá.

La fama póstuma de José Martí.

Imperialismo y buena vecindad.

Opiniones sobre Fernando Ortiz: Bronislaw Malinowski, Calixta Guiteras, Pedro Deschamps Chapeaux, Miroslav Stingl, Alfred Metraux, Rubén Martínez Villena, Enrique José Varona, Benjamín Jarnés, Diego Vicente Tejera, Don Luis de Zulueta, Jean Price-Mars, Juan Comas, Medardo Vitier, Octavio Méndez Pereira, Roger Bastide, Antonio Núñez Jiménez, Salvador Bueno, Argeliers León, Nicolás Guillen, Juan Marinello Vidaurreta, José Luciano Franco y José Antonio Portuondo.

Histoire Générale des Antilles, Tome I, II, III, IV

Du Tertre, Jean Baptiste, Histoire Générale des Antilles, Tome I, II, III, IV, Fort-de-France: Réédition exécutées d'après l'édition de 1667 – 1671 aux frais de la Société d’Histoire de la Martinique, 1958 – 59.

Reissue executed after the edition of 1667 - 1671 by the Historical Society of Martinique.

Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre (Jacques Du Tertre; 1610 in Calais – 1687 in Paris)[1] was a French blackfriar and botanist. In 1633 he joined the Dutch army where he worked in the headquarters in Maastricht. Subsequently he joined the Dominican Order where he adapted his first name Jean-Baptiste. In 1640 he was sent as missionary to the Antilles from where he returned to France in 1658. He is the author of several works about the Antilles where he described the indigenous peoples, the animals, and the plant world.

See also: Du Tertre on the Caribs.

Blacks In Colonial Cuba 1774 – 1899

Kiple, Kenneth F., Blacks In Colonial Cuba 1774 – 1899, Gainesville: Center for Latin American Studies, 1976.

See also: “Summary, Overview and Questions: Excerpt from Blacks in Colonial Cuba 1774 – 1899”, in Caribbean Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 2/3, Essays on Slavery (June - September, 1976), pp. 59-61.

Reviewed in Journal of Latin American Studies © 1977.

Reviewed in Latin American Research Review © 1983.

Reviewed in The Hispanic American Historical Review © 1976.

From Google Books:

Kenneth F. Kiple is a Distinguished University Professor Emeritus at Bowling Green State University in Ohio. His edited collections include The Cambridge Historical Dictionary of Disease (2003); The Cambridge World History of Food (2000, with Kriemhild Conee Ornelas); Biological Consequences of European Expansion 1450 1800 (1997, with Stephen V. Beck); Plague, Pox, and Pestilence: Disease in History (1997); The Cambridge History of World Disease (1993); and The African Exchange: Toward a Biological History of Black People (1987). Kiple is author of The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History (1984); Another Dimension to the Black Diaspora: Diet, Disease, and Racism (1981); and Blacks in Colonial Cuba 1774 1899 (1976, with Virginia Himmelsteib King).

Hampa Afro-Cubana: Los Negros Brujos (apuntes para un estudio de etnología criminal)

Ortiz, Fernando, Hampa Afro-Cubana: Los Negros Brujos (apuntes para un estudio de etnología criminal), Madrid: Editorial América, 1906.

Hampa afro-cubana: Los negros esclavos (estudio sociológico y de derecho publico):

Nota: "Lo que fué primera parte de ese libro [Hampa afro-cubana. Los negros brujos. Madrid, 1906] forma hoy, grandemente ampliado y refundido, el presente volumen."--Advertencias preliminares: Disponible en línea.

Bolívar en la Numismática Conmemorativa y en las Condecoraciones

Urdaneta Braschi, hijo, Ezequiel, Bolívar en la Numismática Conmemorativa y en las Condecoraciones, Comité Ejecutivo del Bicentenario de Simón Bolívar, Banco Central de Venezuela, Artes Gráficas Toledo, Toledo, España, 1983.

Revista de Libros de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, extracto:

Trabajo sin precedente es el de Ezequiel Urdaneta, que, tras más de ocho lustros de paciente estudio y coleccionismo, ha conseguido hacer una obra maestra en el terreno de la numismática bolivariana. Con exactitud y exhaustividad, comenta y describe más de 140 medallas, monedas y condecoraciones, acompañando todo lo comentado de doble foto (anverso y reverso).

The Latino Review of Books, Fall, 1995 (Journal)

The Latino Review of Books, Center for Latino, Latin American, and Caribbean Studies (CELAC), Vol. I, No. 2, Fall, 1995.

Table of Contents (PDF).

La Vigilancia e Investigación Policiaca y los Derechos Civiles

Comisión de Derechos Civiles, La Vigilancia e Investigación Policiaca y los Derechos Civiles, Segunda Edición Revisada, San Juan, P.R.: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, 1973.

De la introducción:

El tema de este trabajo es la Vigilancia e Investigación Policiaca y los Derechos Civiles. Nuestro objeto de estudio es la vigilancia policiaca dentro de una sociedad liberal – democrática, un régimen donde impere la ley sobre los hombres y se respeten y protejan los postulados de la esencial dignidad e inviolabilidad del individuo en las decisiones colectivas. Interesa perfilar las disposiciones constitucionales, estatutarias y reglamentarias que sirven de base al derecho y obligación de la Policía para investigar y vigilar. ¿Cuáles deben ser los criterios que han de pautar las actuaciones de la policía para la realización eficaz de sus deberes de servicio público? (1) En cuanto a su función de proteger a las personas y la propiedad; (2) Su deber de mantener y conservar el orden público; (3) La responsabilidad de prevenir, descubrir y perseguir el delito.

Ley Orgánica y Reglamentos de la Comisión de Derechos Civiles

Comisión de Derechos Civiles, Ley Orgánica (Ley Núm. 102 de 28 de junio de 1965-1 L.P.R.A. 151) y Reglamentos de la Comisión de Derechos Civiles, San Juan, P.R.: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, 1973.

Disponible en línea (PDF).

La Infraestructura Intelectual para el Desarrollo Económico

Blair, Calvin J., La Infraestructura Intelectual para el Desarrollo Económico, Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Republica Dominicana, 1964.

La Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra inicia, con esta publicación de esta conferencia que dictó en sus aulas, el 8 de septiembre del 1964, Calvin J. Blair, Profesor de Recursos y Negocios Internacionales de la Escuela Graduada de Negocios de la Universidad de Tejas, la colección “Estudios” que estará compuesta, principalmente, por conferencias, trabajos de tesis y de investigación que por sus dimensiones resulten adecuados a sus características editoriales.

Las Clases Sociales en Santo Domingo

Mejía-Ricart, Marcio Antonio, Las Clases Sociales en Santo Domingo, Ciudad Trujillo, R.D.: Editorial Librería Dominicana, 1953.

Índice:

Prólogo

Introducción

¿Que es una Clase Social?

¿Cuáles son Nuestras Clases Sociales?

Origen de Nuestra Estratificación Social

Las Clases Rurales

Los Pequeños Grupos Aislados que no Constituyen una Clase Social Superior

Psicología y Posición frente a la Vida de las Capas Sociales

¿Existen Luchas de Clases en Santo Domingo?

Development Banks and Corporations

Wendin, Constance M., Development Banks and Corporations, Puerto Rico: Govbank Technical Papers, No. 4, 1965.

From the Preface:

This study was written in 1964 as a senior thesis at Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, to full-fill the requirements for receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics.

Table of Contents:

Introduction.

Chap. I – Capital Formation and the Financing of Economic Development.

Chap. II – The Vital Factor of Entrepreneurship.

Chap. III – The Development Bank or Corporation and the Development Plan.

Chap. IV – The Development Bank or Corporation – its Establishment, its Relationship with the Government and its Personnel.

Chap. V –The Operations of Development Banks and Corporations.

Chap. VI – Introduction to Puerto Rican Development.

Chap. VII – The Government Development Bank for Puerto Rico.

Chap. VIII – The Economic Development Administration and the Puerto Rican Industrial Development Company.

Conclusion.

1795, de slavenopstand op Curaçao: een bronnenuitgave van de originele overheidsdocumenten

Paula, A.F., 1795, de slavenopstand op Curaçao : een bronnenuitgave van de originele overheidsdocumenten, Curaçao: Centraal Historisch Archief, 1974.

Eng. Trans.: `1795 slave revolt on Curaçao a source edition of the original government documents / produced and published by the Central Historical Archive led von Dr. Paula A. F.

Uit de inleiding:

Toen wij met deze bronnenpublicatie begonnen hadden wij drie doelstellingen voor ogen. Ten eerste het grote publiek - dat de laatste tijd een groeiende belangstelling aan de dag legt voor Toela, een der belangrijkste figuren uit de slavenopstand op Curacao in 1795 - zo veel mogelijk historisch materiaal uit de eerste hand over de opstand in zijn geheel te verschaffen en zo onze bijdrage te leveren tot het ontwakingsproces van ons volk.

Ten tweede zochten wij middels deze studie onze eigen weetgierigheid. Want ondanks het feit dat meerdere auteurs zich met de beschrijving van deze opstand hebben beziggehouden hebben zij zich niet ten doel gesteld de vele aspecten van dit gebeuren grondig te analyseren, met het gevolg dat de bestaande werken vaak bepaalde vragen oproepen, zonder echter daarop een bevredigend antwoord te geven. Nu wij in de gelegenheid zijn geweest de bestaande werken aan de originele bescheiden te toetsen, is het ons duidelijk geworden dat zelfs het werk van een befaamd historicus als Hamelberg, die, zoals uit zijn artikel "De slavenopstand op Curacao in 1795" blijkt, een groot deel van de originele overheidsbescheiden over dit onderwerp moet hebben geraadpleegd, niet vrij is van onnauwkeurigheden.

(…)

Ten derde wilden wij door deze studie beantwoorden aan een van de taken van het Centraal Historisch Archief en wel: het bewerken en uitgeven van historisch belangrijke bescheiden in bronnenpublicaties. Ofschoon het ordenen en de beschrijving van de aanwezige archivalia beschouwd moeten worden als de primaire taken van een archiefdienst, lijkt het ons dat de functie van een archiefdienst binnen een ontwikkelingssamenleving, direct gekoppeld dient te zijn aan het ontwakingsproces, om dit, middels een inheemse interpretatie van eigen geschiedenis, zoveel mogelijk te helpen versnellen. Derhalve heeft de archiefdienst mede tot taak, de eigen historie, door middel van publicaties, voorhanden te doen zijn.

From the author’s introduction:

When we started this source publication, we had three objectives in mind. Firstly, the general public - that the last time puts a growing interest on the part of Tula*, one of the most important figures in the slave revolt in Curacao in 1795 - to provide as much historical material firsthand about the uprising in its entirety and so to make our contribution to the awakening of our people.

Secondly, we investigated by this study our own curiosity. Because despite the fact that several authors have dealt with the description of this revolt they did not set out to analyze the many aspects of this event thoroughly, with the result that the existing works often evoke certain questions, but then without a satisfactory to answer. Now we have the opportunity been existing work on the original documents to verify, it has become clear to us that even the work of a renowned historian as Hamelberg, which, as in his article "The slave revolt in Curacao in 1795," it turns out, a Much of the original government documents on this matter should have been consulted, is not free of inaccuracies.

(…)

Third, we wanted to answer through this study at one of the tasks of the Central Historical Archive ie: editing and publishing of historically important documents in source publications. Although the arrangement and description of the available archival materials should be considered as the primary tasks of an archives, it seems to us that the function of an archive within a developing society, directly linked must be the awakening to this, through an indigenous interpretation own history, to help as much as possible to accelerate. Therefore, the archive has also the task of its own history, through publications, are available to do so.

(*) See also Tula Rigaud.

Land Reform, Democracy, and Economic Interest in Puerto Rico

Curtis, Thomas D., Land Reform, Democracy, and Economic Interest in Puerto Rico, Tucson: Division of Economic and Business Research, College of Business and Public Administration, University of Arizona, 1966.

Table of Contents:

I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PUERTO RICO
Spanish Conquest and Colonization: 1493 – 1898
Land Tenure Established by Spain
Transition to American Control
Land Concentration and Sugar Production
Summary

II. ECONOMIC INTEREST GROUPS AND LAND TENURE IN PRE-WAR PUERTO RICO
American Sugar Interests
Puerto Rican Landlords and Businessmen
Independent Small Scale Farmers
The Landless Tenant Farmers
Urban and Migrant Laborers
The Roman Catholic Church
The Relationship Between Class, Market and Industry Structures

III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUERTO RICO’S POLITICAL STRUCTURE UNDER AMERICAN RULE
De facto Control of Puerto Rico’s Political Institutions
The Rise of Insular Political Parties
Summary

IV. THE LAND TENURE PROGRAM AND THE PEACEFUL REFORM IN PUERRTO RICO
Economic Reform and Revolution
The Popular Democratic Party and the Land Tenure Problem
The Election of 1940 and Land Reform
The Land Law of 1941
Land Reform and the Property Structure
General Economic and Political Effects of Land Reform
Modifications of Puerto Rico’s Land Program

V.GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

See also Preconditions to Land Reform: A Comparison of Pre-Revolutionary America With Pre-Reform Puerto Rico.

La Abolición de la Miseria en América en una Generación: Programa y Metas de Puerto Rico

Muñoz Marín, Luis, La Abolición de la Miseria en América en una Generación: Programa y Metas de Puerto Rico, Discurso pronunciado el 23 de septiembre de 1954 ante la Convención Anual de la Federación Americana del Trabajo celebrada en Los Ángeles. [2 copias]

Speech delivered on September 23, 1954, at the Annual Convention of the American Federation of Labor, held in Los Angeles.

La Personalidad Puertorriqueña en el Estado Libre Asociado

Muñoz Marín, Luis, La Personalidad Puertorriqueña en el Estado Libre Asociado, 29 de diciembre de 1953.

Discurso pronunciado en la Asamblea General de la Asociación de Maestros, el martes 29 de diciembre de 1953.

Speech delivered at the General Assembly of the Association of Teachers, Tuesday December 29, 1953.

Mensaje del Honorable Luis Muños Marín, Gobernador del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, a la Segunda Asamblea Legislativa en su Cuarta Sesión Ordinaria

Muñoz Marín, Luis, Mensaje del Honorable Luis Muños Marín, Gobernador del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, a la Segunda Asamblea Legislativa en su Cuarta Sesión Ordinaria, San Juan: Editorial del Departamento de Instrucción Pública, 7 de Marzo de 1956.

Message from the Honorable Luis Muñoz Marín, Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, before the Second Legislative Assembly at its Fourth Regular Session.

El Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Casa de Buena Voluntad

Muñoz Marín, Luis, El Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Casa de Buena Voluntad, San Juan: Editorial del Departamento de Instrucción Pública, 1956.

Traducción del inglés del discurso pronunciado el 18 de mayo de 1956 ante la Convención Anual de la Unión Internacional de Trabajadores de Ropa de Mujer celebrada en Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Planeamiento y Organización de las Actividades Gubernamentales

Silva, Benedicto, Planeamiento y Organización de las Actividades Gubernamentales, Rio Piedras: Escuela de Administracion Publica, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1953?

Benedicto Silva, Organizador de la Escuela de Servicio Público del Brasil, "Planeamiento y Organización de las Actividades Gubernamentales".

Benedicto Silva, organizer of the School of Public Service of Brazil, "Planning and Organization of Government Activities".

Lower Socioeconomic Status and Mental Illness (separata)

Hollingshead, August B., & Lloyd H. Rogler, Lower Socioeconomic Status and Mental Illness, reprinted from Sociology and Social Research, Vol. 46, Num. 4, July 1962.

Abstract:

The materials presented are selected from families in San Juan, Puerto Rico. In one-half of the families, one spouse is suffering from schizophrenia; in the other one-half, both spouses are mentally healthy. Comparable data are available on each type of family. More mental illness is reported in the families of orientation where one spouse is schizophrenic than in the families where both spouses are free of psychotic illness.

The Land Authority of the Government of Puerto Rico: A Detailed Study of Past and Present Land Distribution Programs in Puerto Rico and of the New Proportional Profit Farms of the Gov't of Puerto Rico

Chamber of Commerce of Puerto Rico, The Land Authority of the Government of Puerto Rico: A Detailed Study of Past and Present Land Distribution Programs in Puerto Rico and of the New Proportional Profit Farms of the Government of Puerto Rico, San Juan: Chamber of Commerce of Puerto Rico, June 25, 1945.

Excerpts from the Forty-Forth Annual Report of the Governor of Puerto Rico (1944):

The outstanding event in the land program during the year was the operation of the first six proportional-profit farms by the Land Authority. These farms, which were established on land purchased in the previous fiscal year from the Central Cambalache, were planted to sugar cane. A net profit of $53,656 was realized, despite the fact that the year was extremely difficult for sugar producers, because of the drought and the continued scarcity of fertilizers and equipment. Of the net profits, the sum of $46,891.98 has been set aside for distribution to the workers employed on the farms, while $6,763.98 will go to the lessees of the farms.

Les Cultures a Sainte-Lucie a la Fin du XVIIIe Siecle (separata)

Debien, Gabriel, Les Cultures a Sainte-Lucie a la Fin du XVIIIe Siecle, Extrait du Annales des Antilles, Année 1966.

Extraits:

L'intérêt de son mémoire est de présenter un aperçu sur l'evolution des cultures à Sainte Lucie au cours du dernier quart du XVIIIe siècle, en même temps que des réflexions générales sur le développement des autres îles françaises: la progression à peu près continue des plantations caféières malgré les crises, et le soudain essor du coton. Ses conclusions veulent être remplies de sagesse. Elles restent en peu théoriques: c'est un essai d'économie politique.
(…)
Mémoire sur les cultures de l'ile de Sainte-Lucie contenant des observations sur les productions qui servent a la nourriture des negres; les denrées commerciales des iles du vent, leurs produits, les nouvelles cultures introduites dans les colonies et sur les moyens de les faire réussir.

The interest in this memoire is to present an overview of the evolution of Saint Lucia crops during the last quarter of the eighteenth century, together with general reflections on the development of other French islands progression, almost continuous, of coffee plantations despite the crises and the sudden rise of cotton. Its conclusions are filled with wisdom. They remain somewhat theoretical: it is a test of political economy.
(…)
Memory on the agriculture of the island of St. Lucia containing observations on productions that are used to feed the negroes; commercial products of the windward islands, their products, new crops introduced in the colonies and how to make them successful.

Obispo Carrión: Educador, Benefactor, Reformador y Apóstol de Puerto Rico

Vecilla de las Heras, Delfín, Obispo Carrión: Educador, Benefactor, Reformador y Apóstol de Puerto Rico (1798 – 1871), Rio Piedras: Editorial Plus Ultra, 1958.

Texto extraído de http://www.mcnbiografias.com/:

Carrión, Pablo Benigno (1798-1871): Obispo puertorriqueño de origen español, nacido en Málaga el 13 de febrero de 1798 y fallecido en Fajardo el 20 de noviembre de 1871, desempeñó dicho cargo desde 1858 hasta su muerte, desde el que promovió el desarrollo de la enseñanza entre la población analfabeta de Puerto Rico.

The Loneliness of Luis Muñoz Rivera

Morales Carrión, Dr. Arturo, The Loneliness of Luis Muñoz Rivera, Office of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in Washington D.C., 1965. [3 copies] (One copy autographed by the author for Dr. Mathews)

Luis Muñoz Rivera (July 17, 1859 – November 15, 1916) was a Puerto Rican poet, journalist and politician. He was a major figure in the struggle for political autonomy of Puerto Rico. In 1887, Muñoz Rivera became part of the leadership of a newly formed Autonomist Party. In 1889, he successfully ran a campaign for the position of delegate in the district of Caguas. Subsequently, Muñoz Rivera was a member of a group organized by the party to discuss proposals of autonomy with Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, who would grant Puerto Rico an autonomous government following his election. He served as Chief of the Cabinet of this government.