Ecuador: Drama Y Paradoja

Benites Vinueza, Leopoldo, Ecuador: Drama Y Paradoja, México D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1950.

Disponible en línea.

Reseñada en Foreign Affairs.

Extracto de la portada:

Constituye, en fin, un ensayo sociológico, de libre interpretación histórica y perfectamente documentado, que puede servir de clave para la comprensión de uno de los capítulos importantes de la Historia de América y de una de sus realidades más dramáticas, paradójicas y fecundas.

Leopoldo Benites Vinueza fue un diplomático ecuatoriano quien se desempeñó como embajador de Ecuador ante una serie de países. Llegó a ser el vigésimo octavo presidente de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en 1973 y además fue representante permanente de Ecuador ante la ONU desde octubre de 1960.1 Benites también se desempeñó como profesor y obtuvo un doctorado honoris causa de la Universidad de Montevideo en Uruguay.

Leopoldo Benites was the 28th President of the United Nations General Assembly in 1973. He had been the permanent representative of Ecuador since October 1960. (...)Leopoldo Benites Vinueza was born in Guayaquil in Ecuador on 17 October 1905. His father was a physician. He attended university in his home town where he obtained a degree in social and political science.[1][2] Benites married aged 20 to Margot Sierra.[3] He was a diplomat who served as the Ecuadorean ambassador to a number of countries. Benites served as a Professor and earned an honorary doctorate from the University of Montevideo in Uruguay.[1] He worked as a journalist, a role in which he later said he was against dictatorship. In the 1930s he spent eight months in jail. (…) Benites published short stories and poems as well as longer studies of the Ecuadoran hero Eugenio Espejo[4] and Francisco de Orellana,[1] the Spanish conquistador who travelled the length of the River Amazon and founded Benites' home city.

Huasipungo

Icaza, Jorge, Huasipungo, {Prologo De Manuel S. Mainar. Vocabulario Al Final. No Figura Editorial}.

Disponible en línea en formato PDF.

Huasipungo es una novela del escritor ecuatoriano Jorge Icaza Coronel. La historia transcurre en Ecuador en la primera mitad del siglo 20, siendo sus personajes principales los indios de los huasipungos, huasipungos son los ranchos, propiedad de los patrones, en los que habitan estas personas. Es una de las obras más representativas de la literatura indigenista, movimiento que precedió al realismo mágico y que enfatizaba un realismo brutal.

Huasipungo is a 1934 novel by Jorge Icaza (1906-1978) of Ecuador. Huasipungo became a well-known "Indigenist" novel, a movement in Latin American literature that preceded Magical Realism and emphasized brutal realism. Huasipungo is often compared to John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath from 1939, as both are works of social protest. Besides the first edition of 1934, Huasipungo went through two more editions or complete rewritings in Spanish, 1934, 1953, 1960, the first of which was difficult for even natives of other Hispanic countries to read and the last the definitive version. This makes it difficult for the readers to ascertain which version they are reading. Besides being an 'indigenous' novel, Huasipungo has also been considered a proletarian novel, and that is because Latin America had to substitute the Indians for the European working class as a model or character of proletarian literature.

Ver además Huasipungo.

Seven Treasure Cities of Latin America

Kitchell Whyte, Bertha, Seven Treasure Cities of Latin America, New York: October House, 1965.

From the Introduction:

In this book about seven Spanish Colonial cities in Latin America, the emphasis is chiefly on the art of the Colonial period and its present remains. The Spanish Colonial period spanned about three hundred years from the Conquest to the Independence, extending roughly from the early sixteenth century to the early nineteenth. Accordingly, the story of the seven cities starts four hundred years ago. From the cities selected, you can follow the course of the Spanish Conquest. From Hispaniola it wound to Puerto Rico, to Mexico and Merida and from there to Cartagena. From Cartagena it went by sea to Portobelo and across the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific and then southward. Inland, it went to Quito and Tunja and, farther down, it crossed over the Andes to Cuzco. Pizarro, exploring westward out of Cuzco, founded Lima near the coast. Part of the treasure of these cities is their history and the memories of what they once possessed.

Declaraciones del Dr. Leonardo Cornejo, Presidente de la Delegación Legislativa Ecuatoriana Que Visitó Puerto Rico en Diciembre, 1957

Cornejo, Leonardo, Declaraciones del Dr. Leonardo Cornejo, Presidente de la Delegación Legislativa Ecuatoriana Que Visitó Puerto Rico en Diciembre, 1957, mimeo.

Publicadas originalmente en el Diario del Ecuador y reproducidas por El Mundo de San Juan, Puerto Rico, 12 de Febrero de 1958.

The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century: Bureaucratic Politics in the Spanish Empire

Phelan, John Leddy, The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century: Bureaucratic Politics in the Spanish Empire, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.

Reviewed in The Catholic Historical Review © 1971.

From the author’s Introduction:

This book is not merely a biography of Antonio Morga as such, nor is it intended only as a case study of the government of the audiencia kingdom of Quito from 1615 to 1636, when Dr. Morga served as president of that tribunal. The larger purpose is to explore the inner workings of the bureaucracy of the Spanish empire. A good deal but not all of the illustrative material comes from those two decades of the Morga administration.
The book falls into three sections. The first part deals with how an audiencia resolved some major problems as diverse as the conquests of frontier areas, the regulation of Indian labor, and defense measures against the Dutch. Some of the special characteristics of the colonial bureaucracy, such as graft and immorality, recruitment and promotion, crime and punishment, are the concerns of the second section. The visita general system by which the central authorities in Madrid evaluated the conduct and the performance of magistrates overseas is the central focus of the last part.
A recurrent theme is the interaction of the magistrates in the audiencia with their superiors in Lima and Madrid and their nominal inferiors in the provinces. Another focus is the interrelationship between the bureaucracy and each major segment, as well as among segments, of that multiracial society. The primary objective of the whole study is to unravel the intricate web of authority, responsibility, and decision-making in that governmental labyrinth. This book addresses itself to such questions as to what extent magistrates overseas enjoyed some initiative without jeopardizing central control and in what manner various sectors in that heterogeneous society influenced the decisions of regional magistrates in the audiencias and the central authorities in Madrid.

Huasipungo

Icaza, Jorge, Huasipungo [Colección Literatura Latinoamericana], Cuba: Casa de las Américas, s.f.

Un clásico.



Ver además Huasipungo.