La Idea de la Federación Antillana en los Independentistas Puertorriqueños del Siglo XIX

Rama, Carlos M., La idea de la Federación Antillana en los independentistas puertorriqueños del siglo XIX, Río Piedras: Ediciones Librería Internacional, 1971.(firmado para el Dr. Thomas Mathews)

Del Prólogo del autor:

Disertando en el Paraninfo de la Universidad de Montevideo un personaje característico de la nueva América, el Dr. Ernesto (Che) Guevara decía: “Éramos pueblos aislados. ¿Por qué? Porque nos aislaban, sencillamente: porque siempre se dedicaban a hacer que nos ignoráranos unos a los otros. Por eso Artigas era desconocido en Cuba y Martí era desconocido en Uruguay. Por eso los héroes continentales no alcanzan esa magnitud real, esa magnitud de hombres de América que tienen, y se circunscribían a determinados pueblos. Por eso todavía en América tratan de discutir si es mas grande o menos grande, y a quien pertenecen San Martín o Bolívar, sin contar con que San Martín y Bolívar son hombres de América.” En la medida que la enseñanza superior se ha organizado recientemente en Puerto Rico, y todavía más recientemente ha comenzado a adquirir un sentido nacional, el cultivo de la historiografía en el país no es todavía muy amplio y para el observador se anotan carencias. Una de ellas, la escasa difusión de estudios que versen sobre los grandes personajes de su propia historia, inclusive considerándolos en su aspecto internacional. Así es el caso de Ramón Emeterio Betances y Eugenio María de Hostos a quienes toda América Latina debe considerar entre los grandes personajes de su común historia, auténticos hombres de América.

English translation:

Dr. Ernesto (Che) Guevara…, speaking in the Auditorium of the University of Montevideo, said: “We were isolated peoples. Why? Because they isolated us, simply: because they were always dedicated to making us ignore each other. That is why Artigas was unknown in Cuba and Martí was unknown in Uruguay. That is why the continental heroes do not reach that real magnitude, that magnitude of men from America that they have, and they were circumscribed to certain peoples. That is why in America they still try to discuss whether so and so is greater or less great, and to whom San Martín or Bolívar belong, without taking into account that (both) San Martín and Bolívar are men of America.” To the extent that higher education has recently been organized in Puerto Rico, and even more recently has begun to acquire a national meaning, the cultivation of historiography in the country is not yet very extensive and for the observer there are shortcomings. One of them, the scarce diffusion of studies that deal with the great figures of their own history, even considering them in their international aspect. This is the case of Ramon Emeterio Betances and Eugenio María de Hostos whom all of Latin America must consider among the great figures of their common history, authentic men of America.

Carlos Manuel Rama Facal (Montevideo, 1921 - Milán, Italia, 23 de febrero de 1982) fue un historiador, sociólogo, abogado, periodista y profesor uruguayo. Se especializó en sociología, historiografía e historia española y latinoamericana. (…) Dictó clases en el Instituto de Profesores Artigas, fue profesor de Historia Contemporánea y de Sociología en la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias y catedrático de Teoría y Metodología de la Historia en la misma facultad. Como profesor visitante impartió dicha materia en las universidades de Santiago de Chile (1950), Puerto Rico (1969) y UNAM de México (1979). También fue profesor en las universidades de París y de Burdeos. Se encontraba en Santiago cuando se produjo el golpe de Estado en Chile de 1973. La intervención de las embajadas de Colombia y de Italia le permitió huir a España donde se estableció como profesor e investigador hasta su fallecimiento. Fue profesor de sociología e Historia de América en la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, donde también fundó el Instituto de Estudios Latinoamericanos y dio clases en sus facultades de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Ciencias de la Información y Letras (Historia).

Carlos Manuel Rama Facal (Montevideo, 1921 - Milan , Italy, February 23, 1982) was a historian, sociologist, lawyer, journalist and profesor from Uruguay. He majored in sociology, historiography and Spanish and Latin American history.

Trustee of the Netherlands Antilles: A History of Money, Banking and the Economy, with Special Reference to the Central Bank Van de Nederlandse Antillen 1828-6 February-1978

Soest, Jaap van, Trustee of the Netherlands Antilles: A History of Money, Banking and the Economy, with Special Reference to the Central Bank Van de Nederlandse Antillen 1828-6 February-1978, Curaçao, 1978.

Reviewed by Dr. Thomas Mathews in The Hispanic American Historical Review, (1979) 59 (1).

Dr. Jaap van Soest was attached to the History Department of the University of the Netherlands Antilles at Curaçao. The following was machine-translated from Jaap van Soest Data Collection, University of Curaçao: “Between 1972 and 1980 I collected the research data that was processed in Oil as water: The Curacao economy in the first half of the twentieth century (Curacao 1976, Zutphen 1977), in Trustee of the Netherlands Antilles. A history of money, banking and the economy with special reference to the central Bank of the Netherlands Antilles 1828 – 6 February – 1978 (Curacao 1978, Zutphen 1978), and in smaller publications and articles. This data contained many figures, whether or not in series. They mainly concerned the period 1828 -1955; only a few reached beyond those limits. At a time when few researchers used computers, all those numbers were written down manually - a monk's work that can only be compared with the work that came after the turn of the century was necessary to convert all those notes into a digitally accessible form. In total, in this collection now contains 178 tables with a total of 2091 series of numbers. Some series are special because of their length or detail, others show (sometimes large) gaps. The gaps may be due to lack of source material; in a series from 1830 to 1960, for example, no climate data are available for the period 1861-1894. There may also have been a change in the system of working or reporting, as is often the case with the banks. But gaps can also due to the limited time available for the study. In the latter case, thirty years later, no attempts were made to add the series to fill. I would like to invite every user of this material to complete it, so that gradually an increasing corpus of research data becomes available for general usage. With a view to such a future expansion, the tables with double numbers numbered. Unless otherwise stated, the figures are derived from annual reports, such as those published by the governor annually to the Minister of the Colonies (here referred to simply as Colonial Report, even though it was renamed later); appeared with the Colonial Report no statistical appendices between 1939 and 1943. Furthermore, there are the reports that local companies made for their owners locally or their superiors in the Netherlands. Insofar as these reports or figures are not publicly available, the rightholders receive permission to disclose. A detailed account of the sources can be found in Oil as water pags. 666-675, and additionally in Trustee pages XI and 374.

De un Duvalier a Otro: Itinerario de un Fascismo de Subdesarrollo

Manigat, Leslie François, De un duvalier a otro: itinerario de un fascismo de subdesarrollo, Caracas: Monte Ávila Editores, 1972.

Leslie François Saint Roc Manigat (August 16, 1930 – June 27, 2014) was a Haitian politician who was elected as President of Haiti in a tightly controlled military held election in January 1988. He served as President for only a few months, from February 1988 to June 1988, before being ousted by the military. Leslie Manigat was a professor at the prestigious l'Université de Paris-VIII Vincennes, where he gave courses on World History. He also published articles on education in various Haitian newspapers: Le Nouvelliste, La Phalange, and Le Matin.

Las Doctrinas Políticas de Eugenio María de Hostos

Elías de Tejada, Francisco, Las doctrinas políticas de Eugenio María de Hostos, Madrid: Cultura Hispánica, 1949.

Índice:

I. El Don Quijote de Puerto Rico

II. Bases religiosas

III. Bases filosóficas

IV. Ética

V. Sociología

VI. Derecho

VII. Derecho político

VIII. Filosofía de la historia

IX. La herencia de Eugenio María de Hostos

Apéndice – Las “Obras completas de Eugenio María de Hostos”

Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola Gómez (April 6, 1917 – February 18, 1978) was a Spanish scholar and a Carlist politician. He is considered one of top intellectuals of the Francoist era, though not necessarily of Francoism. As theorist of law he represented the school known as iusnaturalismo, as historian of political ideas he focused mostly on Hispanidad, and as theorist of politics he pursued a Traditionalist approach. As a Carlist he remained an ideologue rather than a political protagonist.

History of Saba

Hartog, Johannes, History of Saba, Saba: Van Guilder, 1975.

Saba is a Caribbean island which is the smallest special municipality (officially “public body”) of the Netherlands. It consists largely of the potentially active volcano Mount Scenery, which at 887 metres (2,910 ft) is the highest point of the entire Kingdom of the Netherlands. The island lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands. Together with Bonaire and Sint Eustatius it forms the BES islands. Saba has a land area of 13 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi).

History of St. Eustatius

Hartog, Johannes, History of St. Eustatius, Central U.S.A. Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles, Aruba: D. J. De Wit, 1976.

Sint Eustatius, also known locally as Statia is an island in the Eastern Caribbean. It is a special municipality (officially "public body") of the Netherlands. The island lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands. Sint Eustatius is immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts, and to the southeast of Saba. The regional capital is Oranjestad. The island has an area of 21 square kilometres. ... Formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles, Sint Eustatius became a special municipality of the Netherlands on 10 October 2010. Together with Bonaire and Saba it forms the BES islands. The name of the island, "Sint Eustatius", is the Dutch name for Saint Eustace, a legendary Christian martyr, known in Spanish as San Eustaquio and in Portuguese as Santo Eustáquio or Santo Eustácio.

Las Encomiendas y Esclavitud de los Indios de Puerto Rico, 1508-1550

Fernández Méndez, Eugenio, Las encomiendas y esclavitud de los indios de Puerto Rico, 1508-1550, Separata facticia del Anuario de Estudios Americanos, Escuela de Estudios Hispanoamericanos, Sevilla, 1966. (firmado para el Dr. Thomas Mathews)

Disponible en línea.

Fernández Méndez, Eugenio: El periodista, literato y catedrático de la Universidad de Puerto Rico Eugenio Fernández Méndez nació el 11 de julio de 1924, en Cayey. Estudió economía en la Universidad de Puerto Rico y antropología, en la Universidad de Columbia, en Nueva York. (…) Fernández Méndez fue miembro de la Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española. Es considerado uno de los estudiosos de la historia más talentosos de la segunda mitad del siglo XX.

Puerto Rico: A Profile (first and second editions)

Wagenheim, Kal, Puerto Rico: A Profile, Foreword by Piri Thomas, New York: Praeger, 1970.

Wagenheim, Kal, Puerto Rico: A Profile, Second Edition, Foreword by Piri Thomas, New York: Praeger, 1978.

Reviewed by Dr. Thomas Mathews in The Hispanic American Historical Review, (1971) 51 (4).

From the cover:

”As Piri Thomas says in his foreword, Puerto Rico is ‘an objective, comprehensive, carefully researched study of the island – of its people, history, culture, geography, economics, politics and beauty. …It presents a credible picture of what modern day Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans are all about; at the same time it gives adequate and relevant attention to the past’.”

Las Antillas para los Antillanos

Emeterio Betances, Ramón, Las Antillas para los antillanos, Prologo, selección, traducciones y notas del Doctor Carlos M. Rama, San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1975.

The Antillean Confederation was the vehement idea of Ramón Emeterio Betances about the need for natives of the Caribbean to unite into a regional entity that would seek to preserve the sovereignty and well-being of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. Supporters of the idea wanted to free Cuba and Puerto Rico, later uniting them with the Dominican Republic, creating a united Spanish Caribbean nation, an idea that had a significant level of support in these islands during the mid-late 1800s. Some supporters even wanted to include Haiti or Colombia into this union, however this was not supported by all.

Regionalization of Health Services: The Puerto Rican Experience

Arbona, Guillermo, & Annette B. Ramírez de Arellano, Regionalization of Health Services: The Puerto Rican Experience, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.

From the cover:

Puerto Rico began implementing a regional scheme of health services more than thirty years ago. This monograph describes the structural and functional aspects of this effort, including the construction of health facilities of graded complexity, the delineation of tiers of authority and responsibility, and the creation of linkages between institutions to foster the flow of patients, personnel and resources among the different levels. Inevitably, the regionalization process involved overcoming organizational inertia and fighting against professional parochialism, entrenched interests, and highly prized political values. The monograph thus stresses the milieu within which changes took place, and the methods employed – from persuasion to administrative fiat – to bring them about.

Las Américas Negras: Las Civilizaciones Africanas en el Nuevo Mundo

Bastide, Roger, Las Américas negras: las civilizaciones africanas en el nuevo mundo, Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1969.

Les Amériques noires. Les civilisations africaines dans le Nouveau Monde reseñado en el Journal de la Société des Américanistes Vol. 57 (1968).

De la cubierta:

Las Américas Negras es un apasionante estudio de las diversas etapas recorridas por esas culturas – trasplantadas por la fuerza y modificadas en su relación con el mundo circundante – desde las “naciones” de la época de la esclavitud (toleradas por los blancos o constituidas por cimarrones en la libertad de las selvas y de los montes) hasta la época actual. Roger Bastide, profesor de la Sorbona, sociólogo y etnólogo de prestigio mundial, aporta gran cantidad de datos – muchos de ellos recogidos en el Brasil y el Caribe – acerca del papel desempeñado en esta dolorosa adaptación por las religiones (bien sean fieles a los modelos ancestrales, como la Yoruba, o fruto de multiples influencias, como el Vodú haitiano), los ritos y el folclore. El libro concluye con una panorámica de las nuevas perspectivas que la transformación industrial abre a las supervivencias africanas en América. Si bien la progresiva desaparición de las comunidades campesinas, la incorporación de los negros a las ciudades y la lucha por la igualdad de derechos implica el abandono de viejas herencias y la occidentalización, la ideología de la “negritud” contribuirá a la cohesión cultural de los descendientes de los antiguos esclavos y proyectará la imagen de un Africa mítica en el mundo excesivamente racionalizado y utilitario de los blancos.

Roger Bastide (Nîmes, 1 April 1898 – Maisons-Laffitte, 10 April 1974) was a French sociologist and anthropologist, specialist in sociology and Brazilian literatura. He was raised as a Protestant and studied philosophy in France, developing at the same time an interest for sociological issues. His first sociological field research, in 1930–31, was about immigrants from Armenia to Valence, France. As scholars later noticed, already in his first works about the Armenians he was interested in how the memory of a different culture survives when a group of people moves to a faraway land, a theme that will become crucial in his studies of African populations in Brazil. In 1938, the University of São Paulo asked him to succeed Claude Lévi-Strauss in its chair of Sociology. He remained in Brazil until 1957, and in 1958 moved back to France, where he became a professor of Sociology of religion at the Sorbonne University. In 1958, shortly before starting his course at the Sorbonne, Bastide had made his first research trip to Africa, exploring the traditional religions of Dahomey and Nigeria. Bastide devoted the last part of his career to social psychology. In 1959, he created in Paris the Center for Social Psychiatry. After the death of Georges Gurvitch in 1965, he also became the director of the Paris Center for the Sociology of Knowledge.

The Racialists of Guyana

Education and Research Committee of the People’s Progressive Party, The Racialists of Guyana, Guyana: Education and Research Committee of the People’s Progressive Party, n.d. (fragile pamphlet)

The People's Progressive Party /Civic (PPP/C) is a centre-left to left-leaning political party in Guyana. (...) The PPP was founded on 1 January 1950 as a merger of the British Guiana Labour Party led by Forbes Burnham and the Political Affairs Committee led by Cheddi Jagan,[5] and was the first mass party in the country. It was initially a multi-ethnic party supported by workers and intellectuals.[6] The party held its first congress on 1 April 1951. Its third congress was held in 1953, with Burnham unsuccessfully seeking to become party leader.[7] The party went on to win the 1953 elections, taking 18 of the 24 elected seats in the House of Assembly, resulting in Jagan becoming Chief Minister.

Los Trabajadores Puertorriqueños y el Partido Socialista (1932-1940)

Silvestrini, Blanca, Los trabajadores puertorriqueños y el Partido Socialista (1932-1940), Río Piedras: Editorial Universitaria, 1979.

Reseñado en el Latin American Research Review Vol. 16, No. 2 (1981).

Blanca Silvestrini se graduó de la Universidad de Puerto Rico con un doctorado en Historia de América Latina. Luego realizó un posgrado en el Departamento de la Historia de la Ciencia en Harvard. Dio clases en la Universidad de Puerto Rico y luego le empezó a interesarle el campo del Derecho y la Sociedad. Fue vicepresidenta en asuntos estudiantiles de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.

The Coalition Exposed: A Series of Nine Articles by the Leader of the P.P.P.

Jagan, Cheddi, The Coalition Exposed: A Series of Nine Articles by the Leader of the P.P.P., Guyana: People’s Progressive Party, n.d. (fragile pamphlet)

Available at Memorial University of Newfoundland - Digital Archives Initiative.

Cheddi Berret Jagan (22 March 1918 – 6 March 1997) was a Guyanese politician and dentist who was first elected Chief Minister in 1953 and later Premier of British Guiana from 1961 to 1964. He later served as President of Guyana from 1992 to his death in 1997. Jagan is widely regarded in Guyana as the Father of the Nation.[1] In 1953, he became the first person of Indian descent to be a head of government outside of South Asia.

Consequences of Class and Color: West Indian Perspectives

Lowenthal, David & Lambros Comitas, Eds., Consequences of Class and Color: West Indian Perspectives, New York: Anchor Press, 1973.

Available online, (pdf).

Contents:

Garvey, M. The race question in Jamaica (1916)
Hadley, C. V. D. Personality patterns, social class, and aggression in the British West Indies (1949)
Nettleford, R. National identity and attitudes to race in Jamaica (1965)
Mau, J. A. The threatening masses: myth or reality? (1965)
James, C. L. R. The middle classes (1962)
Espinet, A. Honours and paquotille (1965)
A young Jamaican nationalist. Realism and race (1961)
Jacobs, H. P. Reality and race: a reply to "Realism and race" (1961)
Anonymous. The favored minorities (1970)
Williams, E. Education in the British West Indies (1951)
Seaga, E. P. G. Parent-teacher relationships in a Jamaican village (1955)
Smith, M. G. Education and occupational choice in rural Jamaica (1960)
Alleyne, M. C. Language and society in St. Lucia (1961)
Efron, E. French and Creole patois in Haiti (1954)
Braithwaite, L. The problem of cultural integration in Trinidad (1954)
Dathorne, O. R. Caribbean narrative (1966)
Carr, W. I. The West Indian novelist: prelude and context (1965)
Walcott, D. Meanings (1970)

Colonialism, Catholicism, and Contraception: A History of Birth Control in Puerto Rico

Ramírez de Arellano, Annette B. & Conrad Seipp, Colonialism, Catholicism, and Contraception: A History of Birth Control in Puerto Rico, Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press, 1983. (signed by Annette Ramírez de Arellano for Dr. Mathews)

Reviewed in Hispanic American Historical Review (1984) 64 (3).

Reviewed in Nieuwe West-Indische Gids, Vol. 59, No. 3/4, 1985.

From the cover:

The history of family planning in Puerto Rico stretches over more than half a century. Given the island’s high density, relative poverty, and dramatic population growth, the relationship of people to resources has been a key issue, dominating other concerns and reflecting profound social tensions, antagonisms, and fears. In Colonialism, Catholicism, and Contraception, Annette Ramírez de Arellano and Conrad Seipp analyze the tortuous course that Puerto Rico has followed in evolving a population policy. They describe the many steps involved in first broaching the subject of birth control and establishing the relevance of contraception. They find that both proponents and opponents of birth control were passionate in their convictions and pursued their goals with evangelical zeal. Between 1940 and 1960, Puerto Rico underwent profound changes; these included the creation of a new machinery of government, industrialization, mass emigration, and a redefinition of the island’s relationship with the United States. With these transformations as a backdrop, the authors discuss Puerto Rico’s role as a laboratory for testing different birth control methods and the inevitable conflicts between church and state. Also treated are the island’s rapid economic growth, shifting values, and changes in the position of women in society. Using the history of contraception as a focus, Ramírez de Arellano and Seipp assess Puerto Rican society today and anticipate the island’s prospects and potential.

Dictionary of Caribbean Biography, 1969-1970

Kay, Ernest, Dictionary of Caribbean Biography, 1969-1970, London: Melrose Press, Ltd., 1969.

From the Foreword:

The ‘Dictionary of Caribbean Biography’ is, we believe, the first completely comprehensive biographical reference work to cover every country and territory in and adjacent to the Caribbean, including those with a coastline on the Caribbean. Thus, men and women of achievement from all the following territories are included in this First Edition: Bahama Islands, Barbados, Bermuda, British Honduras, Canal Zone, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago, Turks & Caicos Islands, Venezuela, Virgin Islands, Windward Islands.

The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture and Society

Lopez, Adalberto, Ed., The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture and Society, Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Pub. Co., 1980.

General Contents Headings:

Part I: Puerto Rico to 1898.

Part II: Puerto Rico since 1898.

Part III: Puerto Ricans in the United States.

The Contributors:

Edna Acosta-Belen.

Frank Bonilla.

Juan Manuel Carrion.

Diana Christopulos.

Sandra Messinger Cypress.

Adalberto Lopez.

Morris Morley.

Francisco Moscoso.

Pedro Pietri, Iris Morales & Felipe Luciano.

Angel Quintero Rivera.

Aaron Gamaliel Ramos.

Tom Seidl, Janet Shenk & Adrian DeWind.

Reviewed by Thomas G. Mathews in Hispanic American Historical Review (1982) 62 (3).

Reviewed in The Journal of Ethnic Studies, Vol. 9, Iss. 3, Fall 1981.

Reviewed in American Studies Vol. 16, No. 2.

Actes du XLIIe Congrès international des Américanistes: Congrès du Centenaire: Volume V

Société des américanistes de Paris, Actes du XLIIe Congrès international des américanistes: Congrès du centenaire: Paris, 2-9 septembre, 1976, Paris: Société des américanistes, 1978. (Deux copies)

De l'introduction:

L‘étude multidisciplinaire de la tradition et du changement dans de petites sociétés bien définies démographiquement, généalogiquement et écologiquement est l’objectif que se propose le Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques dont un des terraines d’études se situe dans l’Arctique. Cet intérêt constant depuis plusieurs décennies explique ce symposium, groupant autor des eskimologistes de notre laboratoire, des spécialistes du Groenland de l’est ou del’ouest, du Nord Canada ou desIles Aléoutiennes, venus d’autres laboratoires français ou de Hollande, du Danemark, du Canada et des Etats-Unis.

From the Introduction:

The multidisciplinary study of tradition and change in small societies well defined demographically, genealogically and ecologically is the objective proposed by the Center for Anthropological Research, one of whose fields of study is located in the Arctic. This constant interest for several decades explains this symposium, bringing together eskimologists from our laboratory, specialists from East or West Greenland, North Canada or the Aleutian Islands, from other French laboratories or from Holland, Denmark, Canada and the United States.

Porto Rico, 1493-1778: Histoire Géographique, Civile et Naturelle de L'île

Abbad Y Lasierra, Iñigo, Porto Rico, 1493-1778: histoire géographique, civile et naturelle de l'île, [présentation par Albert-André Genel], Paris : L'Harmattan , 1989.

Reviewed by Dr. Thomas Mathews in The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 74, No. 4, Nov., 1994.

Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra (1745–1813), born in Estadilla, Spain, was a Benedictine monk and the first historian to extensively document Puerto Rico's history, nationality, and culture. (…) While living in Puerto Rico he observed and recorded every day Puerto Rican life. In 1788, ten years after leaving Puerto Rico, he published the first comprehensive history of Puerto Rico titled Historia geográfica, civil y natural de la isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico (Geographic, civil and natural history of the island of Saint John the Baptist of Puerto Rico). In his book he described, in detail, a wide array of aspects of Puerto Rican life. Among the topics discussed are San Juan's fortifications and defenses, Taíno customs, and Puerto Rican history, society, clothing, flora, fauna, socio-economic peculiarities, and personality. He also proposes several reforms such as free commerce and the promotion of agriculture and other industries. Even though Abbad's book is the most complete historical account of Puerto Rico from 1493 to 1783, many of the historical accounts presented were obtained from second-hand sources.

La Isla de Puerto Rico (1765-1800)

Torres Ramírez, Bibiano, La isla de Puerto Rico (1765-1800) [Prólogo de Don José A. Calderón Quijano, Rector de la Universidad de Sevilla], San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1968.

Reseñado en el Anuario de Estudios Americanos; Sevilla Vol. 26, (Jan 1, 1969).

De la cubierta:

Después de los primeros años de la conquista y colonización de Puerto Rico, época de intensa actividad con la metrópoli, la isla va a vivir largo tiempo en un ostracismo prolongado durante el siglo XVII y la primera mitad del XVIII. Es en este momento cuando la Corte española va a reconocer el valor que la situación de la isla tiene – sobre todo ante el crecimiento del imperio ingles en América – y va a comenzar a trazar una serie de reformas, que aunque mucha de ellas no se llevaron a cabo con la celeridad necesaria, van a servir para determinar una adecuada evolución social, económica, política y militar, cuyos frutos van a ser realidad en el siglo XIX. Todas estas reformas borbónicas son las estudiadas por el autor en esta obra. Ofrecidas despues de una intensa investigación en las fuentes documentales que los archivos españoles poseen, particularmente el Archivo General de Indias, y cuyo trabajo sirvio al autor para obtener el grado de Doctor en Historia de America por la Universidad de Sevilla.

Translation:

After the first years of the conquest and colonization of Puerto Rico, a time of intense activity with the metropolis, the island will live for a long time in a prolonged ostracism during the seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth. It is at this time that the Spanish Court will recognize the value that the island's situation has - especially given the growth of the English empire in America - and will begin to draw up a series of reforms, which although many of them are not carried out with the necessary speed, they will serve to determine an adequate social, economic, political and military evolution, the fruits of which will be a reality in the nineteenth century. All these Bourbon reforms are those studied by the author in this work. Offered after an intense investigation in the documentary sources that the Spanish archives have, particularly the General Archive of the Indies, and whose work served the author to obtain the degree of Doctor in American History from the University of Seville.

La Abolición de la Esclavitud en Puerto Rico; La Cuestión Cubana; Recuerdos de un Revolucionario

Emeterio Betances, Ramón, La abolición de la esclavitud en Puerto Rico; La cuestión cubana; Recuerdos de un revolucionario, San Juan, Puerto Rico: Seminario de Estudios Latinoamericanos, 20 de septiembre de 1979.

Betances creía en la abolición de la esclavitud, inspirado no solo por los trabajos escritos de Victor Schoelcher, John Brown, Lamartine y Tapia, sino también por su experiencia personal, basado en lo que vio en la granja de su padre y en la vida diaria puertorriqueña.18 Basado en sus creencias, fundó una organización cívica en 1856, una de muchas otras que luego fueron llamadas las Sociedades Abolicionistas Secretas por los historiadores. Se conoce poco de ellas dada su naturaleza clandestina, pero Betances y Salvador Brau (un amigo cercano que luego llegó a ser el historiador oficial de Puerto Rico) las describen en sus escritos. Algunas de estas sociedades buscaban la libertad y el paso libre de cimarrones de Puerto Rico a países donde la esclavitud ya había sido abolida; otras sociedades buscaban liberar tantos esclavos como fuera posible comprando su libertad.

Translation:

Betances believed in the abolition of slavery, inspired not only by the written works of Victor Schoelcher, John Brown, Lamartine, and Tapia, but also by his personal experience, based on what he saw on his father's farm and in everyday Puerto Rican life.18 Based on his beliefs, he founded a civic organization in 1856, one of many others later called the Secret Abolitionist Societies by historians. Little is known about them given their clandestine nature, but Betances and Salvador Brau (a close friend who later became the official historian of Puerto Rico) describe them in their writings. Some of these societies sought freedom and the free passage of maroons from Puerto Rico to countries where slavery had already been abolished; other societies sought to free as many slaves as possible by purchasing their freedom.

La Charca

Zeno Gandía, Manuel, La Charca [prólogo y notas de Gonzalo Celorio], México: Secretaría de Educación Pública/UNAM, 1982.

Manuel Zeno Gandía es el autor puertorriqueño más significativo por la extensión y calidad de su obra. Su vida y su formación cultural coincide con la etapa más dramática de la historia borinqueña. Nacido en Arecibo, ciudad de la costa norte de la isla, en 1855, será testigo, a veces activo, de las situaciones del dominio español, la efervescencia independentista, la guerra hispano-norteamericana, la invasión «proteccionista» del general Nelson A. Miles, el nuevo colonialismo impuesto por Estados Unidos, desde la Paz de París de 1898.

Translation:

Manuel Zeno Gandía is the most significant Puerto Rican author due to the breadth and quality of his work. His life and his cultural formation coincide with the most dramatic stage in Puerto Rican history. Born in Arecibo, a city on the north coast of the island, in 1855, he will witness, at times active, the situations of Spanish rule, the independence effervescence, the Spanish-American war, the "protectionist" invasion of General Nelson A. Miles, and the new colonialism imposed by the United States, since the Peace of Paris in 1898.

Ramón Emeterio Betances, Selección y Prólogo

Dilla Alfonso, Haroldo, & Emilio Godínez, Ramón Emeterio Betances, selección y prólogo, Habana, Cuba: Casa de las Américas, 1983.

En memoria de Emilio Godínez:

Así, paso a paso, Emilio Godínez fue localizando y reuniendo – y en muchos casos identificando bajo diversos seudónimos – infinidad de trabajos desconocidos del Padre de la Patria puertorriqueña: el gran revolucionario antillano Ramon Emeterio Betances. De esta incansable y ardua labor de rescate, y de sus también extensas y cuidadosas pesquisas en los amplios fondos documentales de nuestro Archivo Nacional, salieron dos importantes obras que ya han contribuido de manera notable a la divulgación del pensamiento betancino en Puerto Rico y en Cuba: Ramon Emeterio Betances (La Habana, 1983), compilación realizada y prologada conjuntamente con el también investigador Haroldo Dilla, y Cuba en Betances (La Habana, 1985) enjundioso volumen rico en trabajos y documentos del extraordinario luchador por la definitiva independencia de Cuba y Puerto Rico.

Translation:

Thus, step by step, Emilio Godínez was locating and gathering - and in many cases identifying under various pseudonyms - countless unknown works of the Puerto Rican Father of the Nation: the great Antillean revolutionary Ramon Emeterio Betances. From this tireless and arduous rescue work, and from his extensive and careful investigations in the extensive documentary collections of our National Archive, two important works emerged that have already made a notable contribution to the dissemination of Betancine thought in Puerto Rico and Cuba. : Ramon Emeterio Betances (La Habana, 1983), compilation made and extended jointly with the fellow researcher Haroldo Dilla, and Cuba en Betances (La Habana, 1985) substantial rich volume in works and documents of the extraordinary fighter for the definitive independence of Cuba and Puerto Rico.

La Real Hacienda en Puerto Rico: Administración, Política y Grupos de Presión, 1815-1868

Sonesson, Birgit, La Real Hacienda en Puerto Rico: administración, política y grupos de presión, 1815-1868, Madrid: Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana, Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario, and Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, 1990.

Reseñado por el Dr. Thomas Mathews en The American Historical Review, Volume 97, Issue 2, April 1992.

Del Prefacio:

El libro se divide en dos partes: Primero figura un studio histórico de la creación y funcionamiento de la Administración y Hacienda en Puerto Rico, y, segundo, una amplia sección documental. En el studio histórico, el capítulo introductorio examina las condiciones que impidieron que la Corona tuviera ingresos suficientes para sostener la administración y defensa de la isla hasta 1810. El auge y decadencia de la nueva élite commercial que, a calor de las guerras, creció formando un grupo de interés que apoyó al gobierno colonial, es analizado en el capítulo siguiente. El papel de los funcionarios, la influencia de sus vínculos políticos y de familia, en la nueva Administración que los liberales desarrollaron en la isla y en Madrid, es el tema del tercer capítulo. Los siguientes, cuatro y cinco, destacan los planes con respecto a la Hacienda de Puerto Rico, primero de los progresistas y luego de los moderados, así como la intervención que tuvieron varios grupos de presión en el diseño de estos planes. El último capítulo recoge las modifiaciones que la realidad social y económica impuso al modelo moderado al punto que la centralización llevó a una subordinación neocolonial de los intereses de la isla.

La sección documental comprende en primer lugar una serie de memorias preparadas por los Intendentes en ejercicio desde 1834 a 1852, es decir, desde fin del Antiguo Régimen hasta la subordinación de su función al gobierno político de la isla. Estas memorias fueron en general dirigidas al sucesor, destacando los problemas que el Intendente saliente encontró, las acciones que tomó durante su mandato y el estado en que dejo la Hacienda. A lo largo de la serie se percibe la creciente complejidad de la economía y de la Hacienda de la isla, así como la persistencia y hasta incremento de las dificultades prácticas con que tropezaron los Intendentes en el desempeño de sus funciones.

Historia de Puerto Rico (1600-1650)

Vila Vilar, Enriqueta, Historia de Puerto Rico (1600-1650), Sevilla: Publicaciones de la Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, 1974.

Del Prólogo:

La historia analizada en este libro discurre por unos años claves del Imperio hispánico ultramarino. La centuria en el ambito nacional español nace con subida de precios, hambres, despoblaciones. Se nota la inflación. Los productos extranjeros invaden a España, cuya moneda se deprecia. La plata americana arriba lentamente o tarde. Y la que llega beneficia más a los comerciantes genoveses, holandeses y portugueses, que a los españoles. No es raro que a veces esta plata sea intervenida a cambio de unos juros de dudoso valor. Políticamente, la unidad ibérica se rompe en 1640. Tres años después, la famosa infantería hispana sabe lo que es la derrota. Bandolerismo, vagancia, decadencia agrícola, concentración de la nobleza en la corte, exceso de manos muertas, precios y salarios altos, debilidad real y de los favoritos, atraso tecnológico que impide esa recuperación que sueñan los arbitristas. Eso: Se sueña. Es decir, que todo transcurre en medio de una gran inconsciencia, de un inmenso irrealismo en cualquier orden de la vida. Se percibe un deseo de evasión que recoge la literatura. Una literatura que refleja la existencia, en contraste con la situación, de una España despilfarradora al igual que lo reflejan los memoriales de los arbitristas cuyo empeño y remedios se estrellan contra la falta de población, de productividad y de riquezas americanas. Tres factores en crisis. A través de este contexto nacional es como hay que examinar lo que acontece en América.

Enriqueta Vila Vilar (Sevilla, 1935), es una historiadora americanista y profesora investigadora española, miembro, entre otras, de la Real Academia de la Historia. Licenciada en Filosofía y Letras por la Universidad de Sevilla, donde se doctoró en Historia de América en 1972, es especialista en historia económica, de las relaciones entre España y América y de la trata de esclavos. Hasta 2015 ha sido profesora investigadora en el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) donde dirigió distintos proyectos en la Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, entre otros, Estructura comercial y poder en la colonización de América y 'Relaciones de poder y comercio colonial: Sevilla y Cádiz como modelos o Presencia italiana en Andalucía y América.3 También ha dirigido distintas publicaciones especializadas como Historiografía y Bibliografía Americanistas y Anuario de Estudios Americanos.

Enriqueta Vila Vilar (born 1935) is a Spanish historian and researcher specialised on the History of the Americas. Born in 1935 in Seville, she earned a PhD in History of the Americas from the University of Seville in 1972.[1] She worked as research lecturer at the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC).[2] She served as Seville municipal councillor in representation of the Andalucist Party (PA) and was charged with the municipal government area of Culture from 1991 to 1995.[2] In 1995, she became the first female numerary member of the Real Academia Sevillana de Buenas Letras, serving as director of the learned society from 2011 to 2014.[3][2] In January 2012, she was elected to cover the vacant seat as numerary member of Royal Academy of History left by the decease of Juan Vernet; she assumed on 16 December 2012, reading a speech titled Hispanismo e hispanización: el Atlántico como nuevo Mare Nostrum.

The Puerto Rican Dilemma

Sariola, Sakari The Puerto Rican Dilemma, Port Washington, New York & London: Kennikat Press, 1979.

Reviewed by H. Safa in Hispanic American Historical Review (1980) 60 (2).

Reviewed by Dr. Thomas Mathews in The American Historical Review, Volume 85, Issue 1, February 1980.

From the Preface:

This book aims at an appraisal of the bearing of Puerto Rico’s economic development upon the future of the commonwealth status which presently links it to the United States. I have pursued an unorthodox view in this book, challenging the customary role given in social science to such standard entities as “culture,” or “social structure.” Instead, I have stressed reactive, willful, and ideology-bound elements.

About the author:

Dr. Sakari Sariola is Professor of Sociology at the University of Kansas. Born in Finland, he holds M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Helsinki and formerly taught at the University of Puerto Rico and Louisiana State University. He is author of “Power and Resistance: The Colonial Heritage in Latin America” (1972).

Los Aborígenes de las Antillas

Moya, Felipe Pichardo, Los aborígenes de las Antillas, México: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1956.

Reseñado en Hispanic American Historical Review (1957) 37 (2).

Reseñado en Revista de Indias; Madrid, Vol. 16, (Jan 1, 1956).

Felipe Pichardo Moya. Arqueólogo, abogado y poeta cubano. Realizó diversos y valiosos estudios relacionados con la arqueología aborigen cubana. Se destacó además en los campos del periodismo y las letras. Se graduó en La Habana como abogado, y ejerció la jurisprudencia en Camagüey, fue profesor del Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza y director de la Escuela Normal para Maestros. Periodista y prosista, dedicó una considerable parte de su obra escrita a la Arqueología y la Historia.

Historia de los Temporales de Puerto Rico [1508-1949]

Salivia, Luis A. (Luis Alfredo), Historia de los temporales de Puerto Rico [1508-1949], San Juan, P. R.: Imprenta La Milagrosa, 1950.

Del Reconocimiento:

Estas notas no las hubiéramos podido recopilar sin la grande ayuda y consejo de varios amigos. Con tal motivo, es nuestro deber expresar, en primer termino, nuestra gratitud al distinguido meteorologista el Sr. Edward H. Marx, director del Negociado del Tiempo en San Juan, Puerto Rico. Por su conducto, pudimos obtener antiguos documentos, libros y valiosa información del Jefe de dicho Negociado en Washington, D.C., y cuanto encierra la colección de Archivos del Negociado del Tiempo en San Juan, Puerto Rico. Su estímulo y desinteresada cooperacion nos animaron a llevar esta humilde obra a su terminación.