Breve Historia de Puerto Rico: Desde el Crepúsculo del Dominio Español hasta la Antesala de la Ley Foraker, c. 1892-1900

Figueroa, Loida, Breve historia de Puerto Rico: Desde el crepúsculo del dominio español hasta la antesala de la ley Foraker, c. 1892-1900, (Segunda Parte), Río Piedras: Editorial Edil, Inc., 1977.

Reseñado por el Dr. Thomas Mathews en Hispanic American Historical Review (1978) 58 (1).

Advertencia al lector:

Este tercer tomo de lo que en un principio llamé “Breve historia de Puerto Rico” discurrirá solamente sobre ochos escasos años de nuestro devenir. La razón tras el desnivel entre la largueza del escrito y la brevedad de los años es el interés de que las generaciones presentes que empiezan a deshojar el último cuarto del siglo veinte tengan una idea clara de nuestro acontecer en el crepúsculo del dominio español y el amanecer del dominio estadounidense. Ha sido de la conveniencia del invasor y de los que han detentado el exiguo y mediatizado poder que es consustancial a la ausencia de soberanía que esos últimos años, o no se conozcan o se conozcan mal. Sobre el 1898 se pasa como por sobre ascuas. Al inconsulto e inicuo relevo de guardia de aquel 12 de agosto se le llama “cambio de soberanía”, como si la soberanía pudiese cambiarse; y la llamada “cesión” se justifica con la voladura del “Maine” y se le hace repetir a las nuevas generaciones que pasamos como botín de guerra de manos de España a manos de Estados Unidos, sin explicárseles lo que tal frase significa. La vergüenza de ese traspaso no se señala, y si se cuestiona se culpa a España. Los Estados Unidos quedan a salvo. Los lideres políticos puertorriqueños electos por el pueblo para gobernarnos autonómicamente quedan también a salvo. Los psicólogos llaman a ese proceder “mecanismo de defensa”, que ejercen los pueblos como los individuos cuando están heridos profundamente por no haber cumplido con su deber.

Warning to the reader:

This third volume of what at first I called "A Brief History of Puerto Rico" will only cover eight scarce years of our history. The reason behind the unevenness between the length of the writing and the brevity of the years is in the interest that the present generations that begin to analyze the last quarter of the twentieth century have a clear idea of our events in the twilight of Spanish rule and the dawn of American rule. It has been for the convenience of the invader and of those who have wielded the meager and mediated power that is inherent to the absence of sovereignty that, in recent years, they are either not known or poorly known. As for 1898, it was passed as though on fire. The unconsulted and iniquitous “changing of the guard” on that August 12 is called "change of sovereignty", as if sovereignty could be changed; and the so-called “cession” is justified by the blowing up of the “Maine” and the new generations are made to recite that we passed as war loot from the hands of Spain to the hands of the United States, without an explanation as to what that phrase signifies. The shame of that transfer is not pointed out, and if it is questioned, Spain is blamed. The United States is safe. The Puerto Rican political leaders elected by the people to govern us autonomously are also safe. Psychologists call this procedure a "defense mechanism", exercised by peoples like individuals when they are deeply wounded for not having done their duty.

Porto Rico and the West Indies

Hamm, Margherita Arlina, Porto Rico and the West Indies, New York & London, F. Tennyson Neely, 1899. (fragile)

Images from the book available online.

From the Preface:

The following pages have been inspired by two visits to the West Indies, one just prior to the breaking out of the Cuban rebellion, and the other during the war between Spain and the United States. The aspect of any people is so different in war from peace that possibly the difference has imparted too much color to my impressions and opinions. During the last three years I have taken an active part in the movements looking toward the aid of the sick and injured in Porto Rico and Cuba, and have been thrown into contact with many natives of both commonwealths. My sympathies, it is needless to say, have been with them rather than with the Spanish administration

Boletín de la Academia de Artes y Ciencias de Puerto Rico Tomo II, No. 1

Boletín de la Academia de Artes y Ciencias de Puerto Rico Tomo II, No. 1, San Juan, Puerto Rico: UPR, Río Piedras, 1966.

Sumario:

Cultura, naturaleza e historia, por Emilio S. Belaval
La iglesia y las artes en Puerto Rico, por Monseñor Luis Aponte Martínez
Alfonso el Sabio y la Divina Comedia, por Rafael Arrillaga Torréns
Vía crucis, por José María Pemán
Dos mujeres del Quijote, por Washington Lloréns
Autonomía del proceso creativo, por José Buscaglia Guillermety
Discurso en la inauguración del Museo de Arte en Ponce, por Luis A. Ferré
Juicios sobre la obra de Lola Rodríguez de Tió, por Aurelio Tió
¿Quienes somos los puertorriqueños?, por Adolfo de Hostos
Memoria de un viaje en el tiempo del Dr. Rafael Arrillaga Torréns, por José Arnaldo Meyners
¿Diré Rosa?, por M. Joglar Cacho
A mis amigos, por José Gautier Benítez
To my Friends, por Ramón A. Gadea Pico
Canto a Ponce, por Arturo Gómez Costa
Discurso sobre la poesía, por Samuel Lugo
Opiniones sobre el primer cuaderno de la Academia de Artes y Ciencias de Puerto Rico
Información académica.

Informe Especial Sobre el Derecho a la Vida, la Seguridad y la Libertad Personal frente a los Problemas de la Delincuencia

Comisión de Derechos Civiles, Informe especial sobre el derecho a la vida, la seguridad y la libertad personal frente a los problemas de la delincuencia, San Juan: Comisión de Derechos Civiles, Estado Libre Asociado, 1968.

Contenido:

Primera Parte: principales fallas administrativas de prevención, adjudicación y corrección

Segunda Parte: Problemas principales del derecho penal y procedimiento criminal

Tercera Parte: Conclusiones de la primera y segunda parte.

Windward Children. A Study in Human Ecology of the Three Dutch Windward Islands in the Caribbean

Keur, John Y. & Dorothy L., Windward Children. A Study in Human Ecology of the Three Dutch Windward Islands in the Caribbean, (Foreword by Vera Rubin), Netherlands: Royal van Gorcum Ltd., 1960.

From the book cover:

The work of the Keurs in the Dutch West Indies, represents a number of important contributions in contemporary research which is interdisciplinary in scope. The combination of ecologist and anthropologist in a husband-wife team makes clear the interplay of culture and environment. They examine the decline of these three small back eddies in the mainstream of the Netherlands Antillean economy – islands which were once the center of a thriving overseas empire known as the “Emporium of the Caribbean” a source of munitions and other supplies for the American Revolution. The study points out marked differences within the various islands of the Netherlands Antilles as well as contrasts with neighboring islands of other nationalities.

Reviewed by H. Hoetink in Caribbean Studies Vol. 1 No. 1, Apr. 1961.

Reviewed in the Nieuwe West-Indische Gids / New West Indian Guide, 43ste Jaarg. (1963-1964).

Reviewed in Ethnohistory, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Summer, 1961).

Reviewed in Rural Sociology, Vol. 26, Iss. 2, (Jun 1, 1961).

Thirty Years of Change in Puerto Rico: A Case Study of Ten Selected Rural Areas

Dulles Bourne, Dorothy, & James R. Bourne, Thirty Years of Change in Puerto Rico: A Case Study of Ten Selected Rural Areas, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966.

Dorothy Dulles was born on 24 November 1893, in Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States. She married James Russell Bourne on 6 April 1918, in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. They were the parents of at least 1 son and 1 daughter. She lived in Puerto Rico in 1935 and Rhinebeck, Dutchess, New York, United States in 1940. She died in April 1969, in Dutchess, New York, United States, at the age of 75, and was buried in Rhinebeck, Dutchess, New York, United States.

From the Preface:

”The unique contribution of this project lies in the fact that the directors can look back to Puerto Rico after a period of thirty years and see many changes by direct observation . Data collection, interviews, and information on government programs were used as checks on these observations. The method used was in Redfield’s sense: ‘not merely the technique of observation and analysis, but also the conceptions which allow us to characterize and compare’.”

Reviewed in Social Forces, Volume 46, Issue 1, September 1967.

Reviewed in the Hispanic American Historical Review (1968) 48 (2).

Reviewed in the The Americas, Volume 24 Issue 1.

Adventures of an African slaver; being a true account of the life of Captain Theodore Canot, trader in gold, ivory & slaves on the coast of Guinea

Conneau, Théophile, (creator) Adventures of an African slaver; being a true account of the life of Captain Theodore Canot, trader in gold, ivory & slaves on the coast of Guinea: his own story as told in the year 1854 to Brantz Mayer, Garden City, N. Y., Garden City Pub. Co., 1928. (fragile)

Available online at Internet Archive.

Théodore Canot (1804–1860) was a slave trader and writer of Franco-Florentine origin. Living in Florence, he embarked in 1819 in Livorno for America never to return. From 1820 to 1840, with a talent for language practice and for commerce, he became one of the most important slave traders active between Cuba and the coasts of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. First embarking on merchant ships, he was quickly confronted with piracy which developed after the end of the slave trade by the nations in the Antilles. He then moved to the coast region of Guinea, at the mouth of the Rio Pongo, as an employee and quickly as a trusted man and then on his own. He also made numerous journeys of convoys of cargoes of slaves to Cuba, thus recounting his races with British "cruisers", the rebellions of slaves, mutinies, shipwrecks.

The Puerto Ricans: Strangers – Then Neighbors

Senior, Clarence, The Puerto Ricans: Strangers – Then Neighbors, (Foreword by Hubert H. Humphrey), Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1965.

In The Puerto Ricans: Strangers – Then Neighbors, Clarence Senior sets out to debunk the myths of the Puerto Rican “invasion” and presents a factual, candid picture of the largest immigrating group in the nation today. The Puerto Rican, above all, needs the sympathetic advice of understanding people and groups. Relegated to the lowest-paying jobs and attending overcrowded schools in the midst of slums and social deprivation, he endures today what most minorities overcame years ago. Within recent years, however, the situation has been changing. The author explains that different groups have extended a helping hand to the Puerto Rican – and there are encouraging signs of success against great odds. The Puerto Rican is slowly overcoming the hazards of slum life and the crime and delinquency which inevitably accompany it. While progress is slow, there is hope that the Puerto Rican will someday enjoy the benefits of complete equality. Foreword by Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey.

Reviewed by Dr. Thomas Mathews in Hispanic American Historical Review (1966) 46 (3).

Reviewed in Social Forces, Volume 44, Issue 3, March 1966.

Reviewed in the The International Migration Digest.

Reviewed in the American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 71, No. 4 (Jan., 1966).

South America: 241 Pictures In Photogravure

Mann, Hans, South America, 1st edition, London: Thames and Hudson, January 1, 1957.

From the book cover:

All this Hans Mann has epitomized in his ambitious book, with its admirable selection of photographs and its historical summary. He briefly recounts the achievements of the conquistadors; the division of the continent into Spanish and Portuguese territory by the Treaty of Tordesillas; the discovery of the fabulous Inca civilization and the frenzied search for gold to which it gave rise; the humanitarian and civilizing influence of the Jesuits, and their ultimate expulsion in 1767. To supplement the 235 photographs, there are many maps and charts, and explanatory notes. Taken all in all, this is the most comprehensive pictorial record of South America ever to have been published.

Studier i Dansk Vestindiens Historie 1665 - 1976 Resultater af 21 historiestuderendes arbejde i Danmark og på øerne 1975 – 76

Hornby, Ove og Ole Justensen (Redaktører), Studier i Dansk Vestindiens Historie 1665 - 1976 Resultater af 21 historiestuderendes arbejde i Danmark og på øerne 1975 – 76, Memorandum fra Institut for økonomisk historie ved Københavns universitet, København, 1976.

Hornby, Ove and Ole Justensen (Editors), Studies in the History of the Danish West Indies 1665 - 1976 Results of 21 history students' work in Denmark and on the islands 1975 – 76, Memorandum from the Department of Economic History at the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1976.

Indhold:

1. By Strukturens udvikling
2. Undervisningssystemet
3. De religiøse samfund
4. Den vestindiske identitet
5. Sukkerplantager i Dansk Vestindien, Saint Croix
6. Strukturforandringer i erhvervslivet fra omkring 1870
7. Havnen i Charoltte Amalie på saint Thomas 1848 1975

Contents:

1. City Structure development
2. The teaching system
3. The religious communities
4. The West Indian identity
5. Sugar plantations in the Danish West Indies, Saint Croix
6. Structural changes in business from around 1870
7. The harbor of Charoltte Amalie on Saint Thomas 1848 1975

History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles, Volumes 1 & 2

Emmanuel, Isaac S. and Suzanne A., History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles, Volumes 1 & 2, Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1970.

Available in part online.

Reviewed by Dr. Thomas Mathews in Caribbean Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, Jul., 1972.
Following is an excerpt from Dr. Mathews’ review:

"Of special interest to the historian of the Caribbean is the brief personal history of Daniel DeLeon. To the famous names of Marcus Garvey, George Padmore, or Frantz Fanon, as Caribbean born intellectuals or thinkers who have made important contributions to the history of ideas should certainly be added the name of Daniel DeLeon from Curacao. As I learned in the preparation of a term paper as a student many years ago Daniel DeLeon is the only American who, in the opinion of Nicolai Lenin, succeeded in making a positive contribution to the development of the ideas of Karl Marx. DeLeon is not known in Curacao today where his ideas on the industrial state would be so appropriate to the oil refinery worker who is being automated out of his job. He was not appreciated by the laboring man of the United States at the beginning of this century since his ideas were far too advanced for understanding, let alone utilization. The Emmanuels fill in the details of the personal life of this socialist thinker and substantiate the charges that he was mercilessly persecuted for his radical ideas."

Reviewed in The American Historical Review, Volume 77, Issue 3, June 1972.

Reviewed in the Hispanic American Historical Review (1971) 51 (4).

Reviewed in Jewish Social Studies; New York Vol. 33, Iss. 4, Oct 1, 1971.

Reviewed in the Revue des études juives Année 1973.

Reviewed in the Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Volume 14 , Issue 1 , February 1972.

Reviewed in Studia Rosenthaliana.

The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast 1580-1680

Goslinga, Cornelis Ch., The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast 1580-1680, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1971.

Available in Open Access Edition.

Reviewed by Dr. Thomas Mathews in Caribbean Studies, Vol. 11, No. 4, Jan., 1972.

Reviewed in Hispanic American Historical Review (1972) 52 (3).

Reviewed in American Anthropologist, Vol. 76, No. 3 (Sep., 1974).

Cited in e-JPH, Vol.1, number 1, Summer 2003.

Cornelis Christiaan Goslinga was the son of a shipping Commander Major Christiaan Goslinga (1877-1931) and his wife Catharina Verkade (1883-1960) and was born in Schiedam, Holland on 22 July 1910 and he had five siblings… Cornelis obtained his Doctorate of Philosophy whilst at the Nijmegen University, Netherlands (1956). In 1962 he was appointment assistant professor at University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. Then 1967 he was appointed visiting Professor of History at the University of Florida. He became Professor of History at the University of Florida. (…) He wrote some twelve books about Netherlands Antilles, History, Suriname, Slavery, Dutch Caribbean Area, West-Indische Compagnie (Netherlands), West Indies, and even Venezuelan Painting. In later years he was ably assisted by his daughter Marian, a budding historian. His 712 page book entitled "The Dutch in the Caribbean and in the Guianas 1680-1791" (1985) was written while he was emeritus professor of the University of Florida. It is a sequel to his "The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast 1580-1680" (1971). However, the subjects dealt with in his second volume are different and his source data has been criticized by some. In the earlier study he concentrated on the political and military developments caused by the Dutch penetration in the Americas.

Aruba Past and Present---From the Time of The Indians Until Today

Hartog, Johan, Aruba Past and Present---From the Time of The Indians Until Today, Oranjestad, Aruba: D. J. De Wit, 1961.

Available in part online.

Dutch Original Dr. Johannes Hartog is the historian of the Netherlands Antilles, his extensive work on Aruba, where he lives, is now followed on Bonaire (Gebr. De Wit, Aruba. 1957). The next ones, about Curaçao and the Windward Islands are in preparation. Together they promise a complete history of the Netherlands Antilles, and Dr. Hartog will thus have rendered a great service to the Antilles and the Netherlands. He has already done this with the two published volumes.

Coleccion Dr. Johan Hartog Aruba National Library - Digital Collection.

De Bovenwindse Eilanden: Sint Maarten, Saba, Sint Eustatius. Eens Gouden Rots, Nu Zilveren Dollars

Hartog, J. (Johannes), De Bovenwindse Eilanden. Sint Maarten, Saba, Sint Eustatius. Eens Gouden Rots, Nu Zilveren Dollars, Aruba, Nederlandse Antillen: De Wit, 1964.

Verkrijgbaar bij Internet Archive.

Dit boek is beoordeeld in het tijdschrift: Caribbean Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Apr., 1966).

Van de boekomslag:

Met het verschijnen van dit deel over de Geschiedenis van de Bovenwindse Eilanden hebben wij ons doel, enige jaren geleden gesteld, aan ons autonome rijksdeel ook een eigen beschreven geschiedenis te geven, bereikt. Wij prijzen on gelukkig in de auteur dr. J. Hartog iemand te hebben gevonden, die met kennis en liefde - en uithoudings-vermogen zijn taak ten einde wist te brengen. Hoe groot de behoefte was aan deze boeken, blijkt uit de snelheid waarmede de oplage van het ene na het andere boek verkocht wordt, en uit het feit dat er naar een Engelse uitgave van de reeks gevraagd werd. Het eerste deel, de Geschiedenis van Aruba, is inmiddels in ons fonds in het Engels verschenen; de Geschiedenis van Curaçao in het Engels hopen wij binnenkort te kunnen aanbieden. Een register op de thans voltooide reeks van de Geschiedenis der Nederlandse Antillen ligt in het verschiet.
De Wit N.V., Uitgevers, Aruba, Nederlandse Antillen

Translated from the book cover:

With the publication of this volume on the History of the Windward Islands, we have achieved our goal, set a few years ago, to give our autonomous part of the kingdom its own described history. We consider ourselves fortunate to have found someone in the author Dr. J. Hartog who, with knowledge, love and endurance, was able to complete his task. The great need for these books is apparent from the speed with which the print run of one book after another is sold, and from the demand for an English edition of the series. The first part, the History of Aruba, has meanwhile been published in English in our library; We hope to be able to offer the History of Curaçao in English soon. A register of the now completed series of the History of the Netherlands Antilles is in the offing.
De Wit N.V., Publishers, Aruba, Netherlands Antilles

Dr. Joh. Hartog is de geschiedschrijver van de Nederlandse Antillen, op zijn omvangrijk werk over Aruba, waar hij woont, is nu dat over Bonaire gevolgd (Gebr. De Wit, Aruba. 1957). De volgende, over Curaçao en de Bovenwindse eilanden zijn in voorbereiding. Tezamen beloven zij een volledige geschiedenis van de Ned. Antillen te vormen, en Dr. Hartog zal daarmee aan de Antillen en aan Nederland een grote dienst bewezen hebben. Hij heeft dit alreeds gedaan met de beide verschenen delen.

Translation:
Dr. Johannes Hartog is the historian of the Netherlands Antilles, his extensive work on Aruba, where he lives, is now followed on Bonaire (Gebr. De Wit, Aruba. 1957). The next ones, about Curaçao and the Windward Islands are in preparation. Together they promise a complete history of the Netherlands Antilles, and Dr. Hartog will thus have rendered a great service to the Antilles and the Netherlands. He has already done this with the two published volumes.

The Dutch Seaborne Empire: 1600-1800

Boxer, C. R., The Dutch Seaborne Empire: 1600-1800, London: Hutchinson & Co., 1965.

Reviewed in The Journal of Navigation , Volume 19 , Issue 3 , July 1966 , pp. 409.

Reviewed in The Hispanic American Historical Review.

Reviewed in The Bulletin of Hispanic Studies (Liverpool).

Sir Charles Ralph Boxer FBA GCIH (8 March 1904 – 27 April 2000) was a British historian of Dutch and Portuguese maritime and colonial history. In Hong Kong he was the chief spy for the British army intelligence in the years leading up to World War II.

Les Origines des Esclaves des Antilles [Extraits du Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire, 1961 - 1967]

Debien, Gabriel, Jacques Houdaille, R. Massio et Robert Richard, Les Origines des Esclaves des Antilles, Extraits du Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire, 1961 - 1967

voir aussi: Les origines des esclaves antillais: IV.

Hispanic American Historical Review:

For half a century one of the Caribbean’s leading historians, Gabriel Debien died in Paris on May 1, 1990. Born in Pleumartin in the Vienne, and educated in Poitiers, he spent most of his teaching career abroad. His first post, at the University of Cairo (1932–56), came to a dramatic end amidst the Suez crisis. He then taught at the Universities of Dakar (1957–67), where he set up the history department, and Nantes (1967–72). His articles and books, numbering more than two hundred and fifty, include studies of French agriculture, missionaries in Africa, and immigration to Canada, but most were devoted to the French West Indies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He will be remembered as the preeminent historian of the slave plantation.

La vie quotidienne aux Antilles françaises au temps de Victor Schoelcher. XIXe siècle

Chauleau, Liliane, La vie quotidienne aux Antilles françaises au temps de Victor Schoelcher. XIXe siècle, Fort de France: Hachette, 1979.

Livre commenté ici: Revue Historique.

À la Martinique et à la Guadeloupe, dans les deux Antilles françaises, se produit, en 1848, ce qui est aujourd'hui encore ressenti comme l'événement du siècle, l'abolition de l'esclavage. Le nom d'un homme, Victor Schoelcher, est demeuré lié à cet événement,

Victor Schœlcher en anglais.

Puerto Rico: Unsolved Problem

Garver, Earl S., and Ernest B. Fincher, Puerto Rico: Unsolved Problem, Elgin, Illinois: Brethren Publishing House, 1945.

Available at University of Florida Digital Collections.

From the Introduction:

Dr. Eldon Burke, now Director of European Work for the Brethren Service Committee but who as Director of the Philadelphia Research Center of the Friends, Mennonites and Brethren, supervised the research undertaken in this study by specialists from the ranks of Civilian Public Service, wrote in the original introduction to this volume: "Critics on the literature of Puerto Rico have frequently alleged that such studies have been written either from the viewpoint of the hibiscus or that of the hookworm. It would seem that this work would consequently fall into the latter classification. To avoid such a ready characterization, the authors have attempted to go beyond a study which finds its unity in a nexus solely composed of problems, and have endeavored to present the difficulties of the Puerto Ricans and our administration of the island in the broader setting of environment and culture. ..."